Tissue scaffolds having bone growth factors
The invention provides a novel composite bone graft system utilizing a porous collagen scaffold having a matrix impregnated with calcium phosphate particles and more than one bioactive agent, one of which is conjugated to the matrix. The graft system exhibits increased mechanical strength and osteogenic properties by providing sites for tissue attachment and propagation. The bioactive agents are delivered to the scaffold via different mechanisms to enable sequential and sustained release of the bioactive agents over time.
1. A tunable tissue scaffold comprising a matrix and at least two bioactive agents comprising A and B,
wherein:
(a) (i) the bioactive agent A is biotinylated,
(ii) the matrix is biotinylated, and
(iii) the biotinylated bioactive agent A and the biotinylated matrix are conjugated to one another via a biotin-binding protein to form a linkage comprising
bioactive agent A-biotin-biotin-binding protein-biotin-matrix;
and
(b) the bioactive agent B is delivered to the matrix by
(i) conjugation and a pH labile covalent linkage, or
(ii) non-conjugation and passive adsorption; and
wherein the bioactive agent B is released from the matrix over a shorter timeline than the bioactive agent A.
2. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein the biotin-binding protein is selected from the group consisting of streptavidin, avidin, neutravidin, and non-glycosylated, tetrameric biotin-binding proteins.
3. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein the pH labile covalent linkage comprises a hydrazone linkage for conjugation of the bioactive agent B to a calcium-chelating moiety.
4. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein the non-conjugated bioactive agent B is encapsulated within a biodegradable polymer, hydrogel, or protein matrix.
5. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein the at least two bioactive agents are selected from the group consisting of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs), nerve growth factors (NGFs), connective tissue growth factors (CTGFs), and epidermal growth factors (EGFs).
6. The scaffold of claim 5 wherein the at least two bioactive agents are BMP-2 and VEGF.
7. The scaffold of claim 6 wherein bioactive agent A is BMP-2 and bioactive agent B is VEGF.
8. The scaffold of claim 6 comprising about 0.1 μg to 100 μg of each bioactive agent.
9. The scaffold of claim 7 wherein BMP-2 is released from the matrix in vivo over a biologically relevant timeline extending from between about 7 and 56 days, and VEGF is released from the matrix in vivo over a biologically relevant timeline extending from between about 1 and 28 days.
10. The scaffold of claim 9 wherein the peak release of BMP-2 from the matrix in vivo occurs between about 21 and 28 days, and the peak release of VEGF from the matrix in vivo occurs between about 10 and 14 days.
11. The scaffold of claim 1 wherein the matrix comprises cross-linked collagen fibrils and about 0-80 vol % of calcium phosphate reinforcements.
12. The scaffold of claim 11 wherein the matrix comprises about 20-60 vol % of calcium phosphate reinforcements.
13. The scaffold of claim 11 wherein the calcium phosphate reinforcements are hydroxyapatite reinforcements, β-tricalcium phosphate reinforcements or a mixture thereof.
14. The scaffold of claim 11 wherein the calcium phosphate reinforcements are spheres, whiskers or a mixture thereof.
15. The scaffold of claim 9 wherein the matrix has a porosity of about 65-99 vol %, pore diameters of about 100-1000 μm, and a compressive modulus of greater than about 100 kPa.
16. The scaffold of claim 15 wherein the matrix has a porosity of about 75-95 vol %, pore diameters of about 200-600 μm, and a compressive modulus of about 200-1000 kPa.
17. A tunable tissue scaffold comprising a matrix and at least two bioactive agents comprising vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), wherein the matrix comprises cross-linked collagen, hydroxyapatite reinforcements, and a biotin-binding protein;
wherein:
(a) (i) BMP-2 is biotinylated,
(ii) the matrix is biotinylated, and
(iii) the biotinylated BMP-2 and the biotinylated matrix are conjugated to one another via the biotin-binding protein to form a linkage comprising BMP-2-biotin-biotin-binding protein-biotin-matrix;
and
(b) VEGF is delivered to the matrix by
(i) conjugation via a hydrazone linkage to a calcium-chelating moiety selected from the group consisting of glutamic acid and bisphosphonates, or
(ii) encapsulation within a biodegradable polymer, hydrogel, or protein matrix; and
wherein VEGF is released from the matrix over a shorter timeline than BMP-2.
18. A method of enhancing repair and/or regeneration of tissue or bone in a patient in need thereof comprising introducing the scaffold of claim 1 into a tissue or bone in need of treatment in the patient.