Proton dose imaging method and apparatus

1. A particle therapy system comprising:

a particle therapy beam source for generating a particle therapy beam the particle therapy beam including particles selected from the group consisting of protons and positive ions;

a plurality of particle detectors at least partially overlapping one another in a stacked configuration and configured to detect the particle therapy beam, each particle detector including an ionization chamber configured to receive a gas, a mesh electrode, at least one anode, and an amplification gap between the mesh electrode and the at least one anode, wherein one or more of a size of the amplification gap, a composition of the gas, or a gain of one or more of the plurality of particle detectors enables a linear response of the one or more particle detectors for a 2 Gray dose to a one liter volume delivered by the particle therapy beam within about two minutes or less; and

an analyzer configured to generate a three-dimensional representation of the particle therapy beam based on the detection of the particle therapy beam by at least a portion of the plurality of particle detectors in the stacked configuration.

2. The system of claim 1 , each of the plurality of particle detectors includes a Micromesh Gaseous Structure (Micromegas) detector, and wherein the gain has an order of magnitude of a hundred.

3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising readout circuitry, the readout circuitry including at least one preamplifier to amplify a charge from the plurality of particle generators to form an amplified signal.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the particle therapy apparatus modifies a characteristic of the particle therapy beam source responsive to one or more of the three-dimensional representation or a characterization result based on charge collected by the at least a portion of the plurality of particle detectors.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the analyzer generates a characterization result based on the three-dimensional representation.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of particle detectors includes:

a cathode and the at least one anode, the charge being collected by the at least one anode, wherein the ionization chamber is disposed between the corresponding cathode and the at least one anode, and wherein the mesh electrode is disposed in the ionization chamber between the cathode and the at least one anode.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein a drift gap between the cathode and the mesh electrode has an order of magnitude of a centimeter.

8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the amplification gap is between 100 μm to 1000 μm.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprises a mixture of 70% argon +30% CO 2 .

10. The system of claim 6 , wherein the at least one anode includes a plurality of electrically conductive segments.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the plurality of electrically conductive segments include a plurality of strips parallel to each other or a plurality of pixels in a checkerboard configuration.

12. A method for particle dose imaging, the method comprising:

generating a particle therapy beam, the particle therapy beam including particles selected from the group consisting of protons and positive ions;

directing the particle therapy beam to be incident on a plurality of particle detectors at least partially overlapping one another in a stacked configuration such that the plurality of particle detectors detect the particle therapy beam, each particle detector including an ionization chamber configured to receive a gas, a mesh electrode, at least one anode, and an amplification gap between the mesh electrode and the at least one anode, wherein one or more of a size of the amplification gap, a composition of the gas, or a gain of one or more of the plurality of particle detectors enables a linear response of the one or more particle detectors for a 2 Gray dose to a one liter volume delivered by the particle therapy beam within about two minutes or less; and

generating a three-dimensional representation of a particle dose of the particle therapy beam based on detection of the particle therapy beam by at least a portion of the plurality of particle detectors in the stacked configuration.

13. The method of claim 12 , wherein each particle detector includes a Micromesh Gaseous Structure (Micromegas) detector.

14. The method of claim 12 , the method further comprising:

generating a characterization result of the particle therapy beam based on one or more of the three-dimensional representation or a particle dose image of the particle therapy beam.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the particle therapy beam is associated with a particle imaging application including at least one of a predetermined patient treatment test, a machine quality assurance test or a predetermined radiation delivery, the method further comprising:

comparing the characterization result to a predetermined value associated with the particle imaging application to at least one of verify or monitor the particle imaging application.

16. A particle therapy system comprising:

a particle therapy beam source for generating a particle therapy beam, the particle therapy beam including particles selected from the group consisting of protons and positive ions; and

a plurality of particle detectors at least partially overlapping one another in a stacked configuration wherein each of the particle detectors comprise an ionization chamber configured to receive a gas, a mesh electrode, at least one anode, and an amplification gap between the mesh and the at least one anode, wherein one or more of a size of the amplification gap, a composition of the gas, or a gain of one or more the plurality particle detector enables the plurality of particle detectors to generate one or more signals for representing a three-dimensional dose distribution of the particle therapy beam for a 2 Gray dose to a one liter volume delivered by the particle therapy beam within about two minutes or less.

17. A method for particle dose imaging, the method comprising:

generating a particle therapy beam adapted, the particle therapy beam including particles selected from the group consisting of protons and positive ions; and

directing the particle therapy beam to be incident on at least one particle detector of a plurality of particle detectors at least partially overlapping one another in a stacked configuration, wherein each of the particle detectors comprise an ionization chamber comprising a gas, a mesh electrode, at least one anode, and an amplification gap between the mesh and the at least one anode, wherein one or more of a size of the amplification gap, a composition of the gas, or a gain of one or more the plurality particle detector enables the plurality of particle detectors to generate one or more signals for representing a three-dimensional dose distribution of the particle therapy beam for a 2 Gray dose to a one liter volume delivered by the particle therapy beam within about two minutes or less.

18. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of particle detectors have a gain of from 1 to 1000.

19. The system of claim 1 , wherein the three-dimensional representation comprises a three-dimensional image.

20. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:

integrating a charge collected by at least one channel of the plurality of particle detectors, wherein the three-dimensional representation is based on a result of integrating the charge.