Structure for electric energy storage using carbon nanotubes
A composite electrode structure and methods of making and using thereof are disclosed. The structure has a metal substrate with a metal oxide layer. The average thickness of the metal oxide layer is less than 150 nm, and comprises at least a first metal and a second metal, wherein the first metal and the second metal are different elements. A plurality of carbon nanotubes is disposed on a first surface of the metal oxide layer. At least a portion of the carbon nanotubes are disposed such that one end of the carbon nanotube is positioned at least 5 nm below the surface of the metal oxide layer.
1. An ultracapacitor comprising one or more composite structures comprising a metal substrate having a thickness less than 500 um, the metal substrate further comprising:
a metal oxide layer disposed over at least a majority of a first surface of the metal substrate, the average thickness of the metal oxide layer being less than 150 nm;
the metal oxide layer being comprised of at least a first metal and a second metal, wherein the first metal and the second metal are different elements; and
a plurality of carbon nanotubes disposed on a first surface the metal oxide layer, wherein at least a portion of the carbon nanotubes are disposed such that one end of the carbon nanotube is positioned at least 5 nm below the surface of the metal oxide layer, wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes are comprised of carbon nanotubes having accessible nanopores having a characteristic dimension of less than about 2 nm and carbon nanotubes having accessible mesopores having a characteristic dimension between 2 nm and 50 nm;
wherein the ultracapacitor further comprises an electrolytic membrane and an electrolyte comprising one or more ionic liquid electrolytes comprising a 1, 3 bisalkyl imidazolium salt or a N-alkylpyridinium salt.
2. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide layer comprises a first layer comprising the first metal oxide and a second layer comprising the second metal oxide.
3. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the one or more composite structures are prepared by depositing the metal oxide layer onto the surface of the metal substrate.
4. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first surface of the metal substrate has root mean square roughness of 100 nm or less.
5. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein at least a first carbon nanotube is electrically coupled to the substrate.
6. The ultracapacitor of claim 5 , wherein an electrical junction between the first carbon nanotube and the substrate is ohmic.
7. The ultracapacitor of claim 5 , wherein an electrical junction between the first carbon nanotube and the substrate is non-ohmic.
8. The ultracapacitor of claim 5 , wherein the metal oxide layer has a resistivity of less than 1×10 14 Ω-m.
9. The ultracapacitor of claim 8 , wherein the second metal is selected from a first group of metals, and wherein the first group of metals consists of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.
10. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the first metal to the second metal in the oxide layer is at least 6:5.
11. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from a first group of metals, the second metal is selected from the first group of metals; and the first group of metals consists of: iron, nickel, aluminum, cobalt, copper, chromium, and gold.
12. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide, and wherein at least 50% of the carbon nanotubes are orthogonal to the first surface of the metal oxide.
13. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotubes are disposed on the metal oxide, and wherein at least 50% of the carbon nanotubes are non-orthogonal to the first surface of the metal oxide.
14. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor is an electrochemical double layer capacitor.
15. The ultracapacitor of claim 14 , wherein the ultracapacitor comprises two electrodes, wherein each electrode comprises carbon nanotubes, and wherein the electrodes are separated by the electrolytic membrane.
16. The ultracapacitor of claim 15 , wherein the electrolytic membrane maintains electrical isolation of the two electrodes.
17. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor further comprises a contact collector.
18. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor further comprises one or more clamp assemblies such as one or more coin cells or one or more laminate cells.
19. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor is a pseudo-capacitor, and wherein the carbon nanotubes are loaded with metal oxide particles.
20. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , wherein the ultracapacitor is an asymmetrical capacitor.
21. The ultracapacitor of claim 1 , further comprising multiple pairs of stacked electrodes.