System and method for electrowetting actuation utilizing diodes
An electrowetting system and method for the movement of a droplet across the surface of a substrate, utilizing an applied voltage. The actuation of the droplet is achieved by introducing a diode into the idealized electrical circuit of the electrowetting system. The diode is in parallel with a capacitor (dielectric) and effectively shorts the droplet on the side of a lower potential electrode so that the entire voltage drop is across the dielectric over the higher potential electrode. This difference in potential creates an energy imbalance that is effective in moving the droplet towards the higher potential electrode. If the voltage polarity is reversed, the direction of actuation will also be reversed.
1. An electrowetting system for the movement of a droplet regardless of voltage polarity, the system comprising:
an electrode layer adapted to act as a resistor in the electrowetting system;
a dielectric layer disposed in overlying relation to the electrode layer, the dielectric layer adapted to act as a capacitor in the electrowetting system; and
a plurality of diodes disposed within the dielectric layer, the plurality of diodes adapted to act as diodes in parallel with the dielectric layer and wherein adjacent diodes of the plurality of diodes are sufficiently spaced apart to establish a potential difference between a leading edge and a trailing edge of an electrolyte droplet positioned in overlying relation to the dielectric layer in response to a voltage applied across the electrode layer.
2. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrophobic surface treatment layer disposed in overlying relation to the dielectric layer, the hydrophobic surface treatment layer adapted to act as a capacitor in parallel with the dielectric layer and the plurality of diodes.
3. The electro wetting system of claim 2 , further comprising an electrolyte droplet disposed in overlying relation to the hydrophobic surface treatment layer.
4. The electrowetting system of claim 3 , wherein the plurality of diodes disposed in the dielectric are spaced apart such that at least two of the diodes are simultaneously covered by the electrolyte droplet.
5. The electrowetting system of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophobic surface treatment layer is a fluoropolymer.
6. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the electrode layer is a doped silicon wafer.
7. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric layer is silicon dioxide.
8. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of diodes are electrochemical diodes.
9. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of diodes are electrochemical diodes comprising a metal electrode exposed to an aqueous solution.
10. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of diodes comprises an aluminum electrode exposed to an aqueous solution comprising compounds selected from the group consisting of NaCl, NaSO4, Citric Acid, and Tartaric acid.
11. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of diodes are metal-semiconductor diodes.
12. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the electrode layer is a semiconductor layer and wherein each of the plurality of diodes are metal-semiconductor diodes comprising a metal electrode.
13. The electrowetting system of claim 12 , wherein the metal electrode is selected from the group of metals consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), silver (Ag), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti).
14. The electrowetting system of claim 12 , wherein the semiconductor layer is a doped silicon layer.
15. The electrowetting system of claim 12 , wherein the semiconductor layer is and n-type silicon layer comprising a dopant selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P), silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium arsenide (GaAs).
16. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of diodes are Schottky diodes.
17. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein a first plurality of the plurality of diodes are electrochemical diodes and a second plurality of the plurality of diodes are metal-semiconductor diodes.
18. The electrowetting system of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of diodes comprises a valve metal electrode.
19. An electrowetting system for the movement of a droplet regardless of voltage polarity, the system comprising:
an electrode layer adapted to act as a resistor in the electrowetting system;
a dielectric layer disposed in overlying relation to the electrode layer, the dielectric later adapted to act as a capacitor is the electrowetting system;
a plurality of diodes disposed within the dielectric layer, the plurality of diodes adapted to act as diodes in parallel with the dielectric layer;
a hydrophobic surface treatment layer disposed in overlying relation to the dielectric layer, the hydrophobic surface treatment layer adapted to act as a capacitor in parallel with the dielectric layer and the plurality of diodes;
an electrolyte droplet disposed in overlying relation to the hydrophobic surface treatment layer;
a voltage source, coupled to the electrode layer; and
wherein adjacent diodes of the plurality of diodes are sufficiently spaced apart to establish a potential difference between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the electrolyte droplet positioned in overlying relation to the dielectric layer in response to the voltage source applied across the electrode layer, the potential difference effective in moving the electrolyte droplet between the plurality of diodes.
20. A method of effecting movement of an electrolyte droplet on the surface of an electrowetting system comprising an electrode layer adapted to act as a resistor in the electrowetting system, a dielectric layer disposed in overlying relation to the electrode layer, the dielectric layer adapted to act as a capacitor in the electrowetting system and a plurality of diodes disposed within the dielectric layer, the plurality of metal-semiconductor diodes adapted to act as diodes in parallel with the dielectric layer, the method comprising:
positioning an electrolyte droplet on the surface of the electrowetting system and in overlying relation to two adjacent diodes of the plurality of diodes; and
applying a voltage source across the electrode layer, wherein the two adjacent diodes of the plurality of diodes are sufficiently spaced apart to establish a potential difference between a leading edge and a trailing edge of the electrolyte droplet positioned in overlying relation to the dielectric layer in response to the voltage source applied across the electrode layer, the potential difference effective in moving the electrolyte droplet between the plurality of diodes.