Nitride- and oxide-modified electrode compositions and their methods of making

1. An electrode for a battery comprising:

a nitride- or oxide-modified composition having the following formula:

M 1-z M′ z O a F 3-x N y ,

wherein:

0<z<1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

0≤a≤1.5;

y>0;

M is selected from the group consisting of: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Bi; and

M′ is selected from the group consisting of: Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

2. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein a>0 and x=3.

3. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a structure selected from the group consisting of: a ReO 3 -type structure, a rutile-type structure, a bixbyite-type structure, or a combination thereof.

4. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the composition is a bulk composition or a surface coating composition.

5. The electrode of claim 4 , wherein the electrode further comprises a metal fluoride core composition.

6. The electrode of claim 1 , wherein the composition is used as a cathode in a lithium-ion battery further comprising an anode and an electrolyte, wherein the battery has at least one of the following performance characteristics:

(a) a capacity at least 700 mAh/g at a rate of C/10, a capacity of at least 300 mAh/g at a rate of 1 C, or a capacity of at least 100 mAh/g at a rate of 10 C; and

(b) a functional discharge capacity of at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of the initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles.

7. An electrode for a battery comprising:

a surface coating composition comprising the nitride- or oxide-modified composition of claim 1 ;

a core composition having the formula

M 1-z M′ z O a F 3-x ,

wherein:

0≤a≤1.5;

0≤z≤1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

M is selected from the group consisting of: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Bi; and

M′ is selected from the group consisting of: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

8. A battery comprising:

an anode;

a cathode;

an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of metal at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of the metal at the cathode;

wherein either the anode or the cathode comprises a nitride- or oxide-modified composition,

wherein the nitride- or oxide-modified composition has the following formula,

M 1-z M′ z O a F 3-x N y ,

wherein:

0<z<1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

0≤a≤1.5;

y>0;

M is selected from the group consisting of: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Bi; and

M′ is selected from the group consisting of: Na, Mg, Al, P, K, Ca, Sc, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

9. The battery of claim 8 , wherein a>0 and x=3.

10. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the nitride- or oxide-modified composition comprises a surface coating composition and a core composition,

wherein the surface coating composition comprises the nitride- or oxide-modified composition of claim 8 , and the core composition is M 1-z M′ z O a F 3-x , wherein:

0≤a≤1.5;

0≤z≤1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

M is selected from the group consisting of: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Bi; and

M′ is selected from the group consisting of: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

11. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the anode comprises the nitride- or oxide-modified metal composition and the cathode comprises an active material selected from the group consisting of one or more phases: LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , Li 2 MnO 3 , LiNiO 2 , Li(Mn 1.5 Ni 05 )O 4 , LiFePO 4 , Li 2 FePO 4 F, Li 3 CoNiMnO 6 , and Li(Li a Ni x Mn y Co z )O 2 , or wherein the cathode comprises the nitride- or oxide-modified composition and the anode comprises an active material selected from the group consisting of: lithium ion, sodium ion, carbon, and graphite.

12. The battery of claim 8 , wherein the battery is selected from the group consisting of the following battery types: lithium-ion, aluminum-ion, magnesium-ion, sodium-ion, metal-air, and metal-sulfur, wherein the metal is lithium, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, or sodium.

13. The battery of claim 8 having at a capacity at least 700 mAh/g at a rate of C/10, a capacity of at least 300 mAh/g at a rate of 1 C, or a capacity of at least 100 mAh/g at a rate of 10 C, and having a functional discharge capacity of at least 90% of the initial discharge capacity after 100 cycles.

14. An electrode for a battery comprising:

a nitride- or oxide-modified composition having the following formula:

M 1-z M′ z O a F 3-x N y ,

wherein:

0<z<1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

0≤a≤1.5;

y>0;

M is selected from the group consisting of: Cr, Fe, Cu, and Bi; and

M′ is selected from the group consisting of: Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, Cs, Ba, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Tl, Pb, and Bi.

15. The electrode of claim 14 , wherein a>0 and x=3.

16. A battery comprising:

an anode;

a cathode;

an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of metal at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of the metal at the cathode;

wherein either the anode or the cathode comprises a nitride- or oxide-modified composition of claim 14 .

17. An electrode for a battery comprising:

a nitride- or oxide-modified composition having a formula selected from: V 1-z Mn z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Ti z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Co z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Ni z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Si z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Sn z O a F 3-x N y , V 1-z Ge z O a F 3-x N y , Cr 1-z Si z O a F 3-x N y , Cr 1-z Sn z O a F 3-x N y , Cr 1-z Ge z O a F 3-x N y , Fe 1-z Si z O a F 3-x N y , Fe 1-z Sn z O a F 3-x N y , Fe 1-z Ge z O a F 3-x N y , Cu 1-z Si z O a F 3-x N y , Cu 1-z Sn z O a F 3-x N y , Cu 1-z Ge z O a F 3-x N y , Bi 1-z Si z O a F 3-x N y , Bi 1-z Sn z O a F 3-x N y , Bi 1-z Ge z O a F 3-x N y , Ti 1-z Mn z O a F 3-x N y , Ti 1-z Co z O a F 3-x N y , Ti 1-z Ni z O a F 3-x N y , Ti 1-z V z O a F 3-x N y , Mn 1-z Ti z O a F 3-x N y , Mn 1-z Co z O a F 3-x N y , Mn 1-z Ni z O a F 3-x N y , Mn 1-z V z O a F 3-x N y , Co 1-z Ti z O a F 3-x N y , Co 1-z Mn z O a F 3-x N y , Co 1-z Ni z O a F 3-x N y , Co 1-z V z O a F 3-x N y , Ni 1-z Ti z O a F 3-x N y , Ni 1-z Co z O a F 3-x N y , Ni 1-z Mn z O a F 3-x N y , and Ni 1-z V z O a F 3-x N y , wherein:

0<z<1;

−3≤x<0 or 0<x≤3;

0≤a≤1.5; and

y>0.

18. A battery comprising:

an anode;

a cathode;

an electrolyte capable of supporting reversible deposition and stripping of metal at the anode, and reversible intercalation and deintercalation of the metal at the cathode;

wherein either the anode or the cathode comprises a nitride- or oxide-modified composition of claim 17 .