Detection of protein S-sulfhydration via a tag-switch technique
Methods and assays for detecting S-sulfhydration of amino acids in proteins, polypeptides and peptides are provided. The method is a two-step “tag-switch” method employing two reagents consecutively to specifically label, with a detectable label, persulfide (—S—SH) linkages in proteins, polypeptides and peptides.
1. A method of selectively detecting S-sulfhydration of cysteine residues in a protein, polypeptide or peptide, comprising
i) exposing said protein, polypeptide or peptide to a first reagent that forms a covalent bond with —SH and —SSH groups, thereby forming disulfide adducts; then
ii) exposing said protein, polypeptide or peptide to a second reagent comprising a nucleophile that selectively reacts with disulfide adducts formed from persulfide groups, wherein said second reagent further comprises a reporting molecule linked to said nucleophile via a linking molecule; and then
iii) detecting said reporting molecule, wherein positive detection of said reporting molecule indicates that said cysteine residues of said protein, polypeptide or peptide were S-sulfhydrated.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleophile does not react with thioethers or disulfide bonds in proteins, polypeptides or peptides.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first reagent is
where Het is a heterocycle or heteroaryl and R1=—CR, —OR, —SR, or —NR, where R=an aryl or alkyl group;
or
ii)
Het-R 2 Formula II
where Het is a heterocycle or heteroaryl and R2 is —F, —Cl, —Br, —I or —N 2 + .
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said heterocycle or heteroaryl is selected from the group consisting of
wherein Y is an aryl or alkyl group.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleophile is selected from the group consisting of
where R3 and R4 are independently selected from an aryl group and an alkyl group and may be the same or different;
where R5 and R6 are independently selected from an aryl group and an alkyl group and may be the same or different; and
where R7 and R8 are independently selected from —NO 2 , —CN, —SO 2 R, —COOR or CONR and may be the same or different, and R=an aryl group or an alkyl group.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said linking molecule is selected from the group consisting of
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reporting molecule is selected from the group consisting of biotin, a fluorescent dye, a dansyl-based dye, a nitrobenzofurazan-based dye, rhodamine, a cyanine dye, a pyrene succinimidyl ester and a pyridyloxazole derivatives.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second reagent is associated with a solid support material, a resin, a dendrimer or a nanoparticle.
9. A kit comprising
a first reagent that forms a covalent bond with —SH and —SSH groups, thereby forming disulfide adducts; and
a second reagent comprising a nucleophile that selectively reacts with disulfide adducts formed from persulfide groups, wherein said second reagent further comprises a reporting molecule linked to said nucleophile via a linking molecule, and wherein said second reagent is immobilized on a substrate.