Sub-stoichiometric, chalcogen-containing-germanium, tin, or lead anodes for lithium or sodium ion batteries
The disclosure relates to an anode or an electrolytic capacitor electrode including an active anode material containing a chalcogen-containing-germanium composition in which the germanium:chalcogen atom ratio is between 80:20 and 98:2. The disclosure also relates to an anode including an active anode material containing a lithium and germanium-containing alloy wherein the lithium:germanium atom ratio is 22:5 or less. The anode also includes a non-cycling lithium chalcogenide. The disclosure further relates to lithium ion batteries including such anodes. The disclosure additionally relates to capacitor electrodes containing similar materials and capacitors containing such electrodes.
1. An anode comprising an active anode material comprising a sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition of the general formula Q y X z , wherein the Q comprises germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), or lead (Pb) or a combination thereof, and X comprises sulfur (S) or selenium (Se) or a combination thereof, and wherein y:z is between 80:20 and 98:2.
2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein Q consists essentially of Ge.
3. The anode of claim 2 , wherein X consists essentially of selenium (Se).
4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein y:z is between 85:15 and 95:5.
5. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the active anode material further comprises lithium.
6. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the active anode material further comprises sodium.
7. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of nanocolumns.
8. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of particles.
9. The anode of claim 8 , wherein the particles comprise microparticles.
10. The anode of claim 8 , wherein the particles comprises nanoparticles.
11. The anode of claim 2 , wherein X consists essentially of sulfur (S).
12. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the active anode material further comprises lithium.
13. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the active anode material further comprises sodium.
14. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of nanocolumns.
15. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of particles.
16. The anode of claim 15 , wherein the particles comprise microparticles.
17. The anode of claim 15 , wherein the particles comprises nanoparticles.
18. The anode of claim 1 , wherein Q consists essentially of Sn.
19. The anode of claim 1 , wherein Q consists essentially of Pb.
20. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition is amorphous.