Maternal biomarkers for gestational diabetes
Embodiments herein relate to the field of screening tools for fetal/maternal wellness, and, more specifically, to biomarkers for gestational diabetes. In various embodiments, the methods may provide non-invasive and minimally-invasive screening tools for gestational diabetes that involve detection of changes in a proteomic profile of a test sample relative to a reference sample. In particular embodiments, the method may include determining whether a proteomic profile of a test sample from the subject includes at least one expression signature characteristic of gestational diabetes, wherein the proteomic profile comprises information on the expression of glycosylated fibronectin and glycosylated PSG, for example information on levels of fibronectin-SNA or a fibronectin-antibody complex, and PSG-AAL or a PSG-antibody complex. In some embodiments, the proteomic profile may also include information on the expression of adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen, or a combination thereof.
1. A method for determining if a subject has gestational diabetes, comprising:
providing a test sample from the subject;
measuring a level of glycosylated fibronectin in the sample;
measuring a level of glycosylated PSG in the sample;
determining whether the level of glycosylated fibronectin and the level of glycosylated PSG is elevated in the sample relative to a control, wherein a determination that the level of glycosylated fibronectin and the level of glycosylated PSG is elevated in the sample indicates that the subject has gestational diabetes.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring a level of glycosylated fibronectin in the sample comprises detecting glycosylated fibronectin using an antibody.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the antibody is an anti-fibronectin-SNA antibody.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein measuring a level of glycosylated pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) in the sample comprises detecting glycosylated PSG using an antibody.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the antibody is an anti-PSG-AAL antibody.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises measuring adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen, or a combination thereof in the sample.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein method further comprises measuring two or more of the group consisting of adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen, or a combination thereof in the sample.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein method further comprises measuring three or more of the group consisting of adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen, or a combination thereof in the sample.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein method further comprises measuring adiponectin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen in the sample.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the control comprises a reference value.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the control is a control reference sample from a non-diabetic subject.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method comprises determining whether the level of glycosylated fibronectin and the level of glycosylated PSG is elevated in the sample relative to a control.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining whether a level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen is elevated in the sample relative to a control.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises determining whether adiponectin and/or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are decreased in the sample relative to a control.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein an elevation relative to the control in the level of glycosylated fibronectin and/or the level of glycosylated PSG in the sample indicates that the subject has gestational diabetes.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein an elevation relative to the control in the level of glycosylated fibronectin and the level of glycosylated PSG in the sample indicates that the subject has gestational diabetes.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises determining whether a level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen is elevated in the sample relative to a control, and wherein an elevation relative to the control of the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen.
18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises wherein the method further comprises determining whether adiponectin and/or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are decreased in the sample relative to a control, and wherein a decrease relative to control in the level of adiponectin and/or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) indicates that the subject has gestational diabetes.
19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the method further comprises determining whether a level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen are elevated in the sample relative to a control, and determining whether adiponectin and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) are decreased in the sample relative to a control, and wherein an elevation relative to the control of the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and/or a ratio of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to placental lactogen, or a decrease relative to control in the level of adiponectin and/or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) indicates that the subject has gestational diabetes.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the increase or decrease relative to the control is at least 10%.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the level of glycosylated fibronectin and/or the level of glycosylated PSG in the sample is determined using a lateral flow device.
22. A kit for carrying out the method of claim 1 , the kit comprising an antibody specific for glycosylated fibronectin and an antibody specific for glycosylated PSG and instructions for using the kit.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the test sample comprises whole blood, serum, or saliva.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the level of glycosylated fibronectin and/or the level of glycosylated PSG in the sample is determined using an ELISA assay.