Biomarkers and diagnostic methods for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders

1. A method of analyzing a sample from a subject comprising the steps of: (i) obtaining a biological sample comprising vesicles from a subject, (ii) isolating vesicles from the biological sample, and (iii) detecting one or more biomarkers from the isolated vesicles, wherein at least one of the one or more biomarkers is selected from the group consisting of Tau, phosphorylated Tau, beta-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ1-42), transactive response DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43), α-synuclein, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), FUS RNA binding protein (FUS), FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), phosphorylated IRS-1, cathepsin D (CTSD), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), ubiquitinylated proteins (UBP), heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and neurofilament light chain (NFL), wherein the biological sample is whole blood, serum, or plasma, and wherein the vesicles are selected from the group consisting of neuron-derived exosomes, astrocyte-derived exosomes, oliogodendrocyte-derived exosomes, and microglia-derived exosomes.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detection of one or more biomarkers is the detection of protein, phosphorylated protein, mRNA, or miRNA of the one or more biomarkers.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorylated tau and/or phosphorylated IRS-1 is phosphorylated on one or more serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorylated tau and/or phosphorylated IRS-1 is phosphorylated at one or more residues selected from the group consisting of Thr-153, Thr-181, Thr-205, Thr-231, Ser-199, Ser-202, Ser-214, Ser-235, Ser-262, Ser-356, Ser-396, Ser-422, Tyr18, Tyr29, Tyr197, Tyr310, Tyr 394, P-S312-IRS-1 and P-panY-IRS-1.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the isolating vesicles from a biological sample comprises: contacting the biological sample with an agent under conditions wherein a vesicle present in said biological sample binds to said agent to form a vesicle-agent complex; and isolating said vesicle from said vesicle-agent complex to obtain a sample containing said vesicle.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the subject is selected from the group consisting of a human, a monkey, a dog, a pig, a bovine, a rabbit, a guinea pig, and a rodent.