Mutations of the PIK3CA gene in human cancers
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are known to be important regulators of signaling pathways. To determine whether PI3Ks are genetically altered in cancers, we analyzed the sequences of the PI3K gene family and discovered that one family member, PIK3CA, is frequently mutated in cancers of the colon and other organs. The majority of mutations clustered near two positions within the PI3K helical or kinase domains. PIK3CA represents one of the most highly mutated oncogenes yet identified in human cancers and is useful as a diagnostic and therapeutic target.
1. A method of characterizing a cancer in a body sample of a human, comprising the steps of:
testing the body sample and detecting the presence of a non-synonymous, intragenic mutation in a PIK3CA coding sequence in the body sample, wherein a wild-type PIK3CA coding sequence comprises the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the testing is performed by contacting the body sample with an amplification primer selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 140-165 and 300-325.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amplification primer is for a PI3KCA exon selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 18, 19, and 20.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is a first tissue that is suspected of being neoplastic, and the method further comprises the steps of:
testing a second tissue that is not suspected of being neoplastic for the presence of the non-synonymous mutation, wherein the first and second tissue are isolated from the human;
wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is absent in the second tissue.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein progression of the cancer is followed by repeating the step of testing of a body sample of the human with samples collected from the human at different times.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is in exon 9 (SEQ ID NO: 4).
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is in exon 20 (SEQ ID NO: 5).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is in PIK3CA's helical domain (nucleotides 1567-2124 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is in PIK3CA's kinase domain (nucleotides 2095-3096 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is in PIK3CA's P85BD domain (nucleotides 103-335 of SEQ ID NO: 1).
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is colorectal tissue.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is brain tissue.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is gastric tissue.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is breast tissue.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is lung tissue.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is blood, serum, or plasma.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is sputum.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is saliva.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is urine.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is stool.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is nipple aspirate.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein PIK3CA exons consisting of 9 and 20 are tested to determine a non-synonymous mutation.
22. The method of claim 1 , wherein PIK3CA exons comprising 9 and 20 are tested to determine a non-synonymous mutation.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is a substitution mutation.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is G1624A.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is G1633A.
26. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is C1636A.
27. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is A3140G.
28. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is tested for mutations at nucleotide positions 1624, 1633, 1636, and 3140 of PIK3CA coding sequence.
29. The method of claim 1 , wherein the body sample is tested for mutations G1624A, G1633A, and A3140G.
30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the body sample is further tested for mutations C1636A, G113A, T1258C, G3129T, and C3139T.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the body sample is further tested for mutation G2702T.
32. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous, intragenic mutation is a deletion mutation.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-synonymous intragenic mutation is selected from the group consisting of: P539R, E542K, E542G, E542V, E545K, E545G, E545D, Q546K, Q546P, Q661K, H701P, C901F, F909L, S1008P, T1025A, T1025N, M10431, H1047Y, H1047R, H1047L, and G1049S.