Core-shell capsules for encapsulation of particles, colloids, and cells
Methods for preparing capsules, such as micro- and/or nanocapsules from all-aqueous emulsions are described herein. The method includes mixing, combining, or contacting a first electrically charged phase containing a first solute with at least an optionally charged second phase containing a second solute. The solutes are incompatible with each other. The electrostatic forces between the two solutions induce the formation of droplets of a dispersed phase in a continuous phase. The droplets are then solidified to form the capsules.
1. A method of making capsules comprising a core and a shell, the method comprising (a) forming a coaxial jet comprising an electrically charged aqueous core phase containing a first solute and an optionally charged aqueous shell phase containing a shell forming material and a second solute which is incompatible with the first solute; (b) breaking up the jet to form core-shell structured droplets; and (c) solidifying the droplets to form the capsules.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets are formed by forcing the coaxial jet through a counter-electrode.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second solutes are selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol (PEG), dextran, methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP); tripotassium phosphate, sodium citrate, sodium sulfate, and disodium phosphate.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first solute is PEG and the second solute is dextran.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the molecular weight of PEG is between about 8,000 Daltons and about 20,000 Daltons and the concentration of PEG is 8% and the molecular weight of dextran is about 500,000 Daltons and the concentration of dextran is between about 5% and about 15%.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solution and/or the second solution further contains one or more therapeutic, prophylactic, and/or diagnostic agents that are encapsulated in the droplets.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first solution and/or the second solution further contains cells that are encapsulated in the droplets.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the shell phase further comprises a hydrogel or hydrogel-forming material.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the hydrogel or hydrogel forming material is sodium alginate.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the droplet is solidified by the addition of calcium ions.