Tunable nucleate boiling using electric fields and ionic surfactants

1. A tunable boiling system comprising:

a fluid comprising a solvent and an ionic surfactant in the solvent;

a counter electrode disposed within the fluid;

a working electrode having a surface in contact with the fluid, the system configured to cause adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface in order to shift a boiling curve of the fluid by applying a voltage between the surface and the counter electrode which activates or suppresses bubble formation in the fluid at the surface, and

one or more heaters, configured to heat the fluid to or near a boiling point of the fluid, in thermal contact with the working electrode, the fluid, or both.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface includes two or more electrically conductive areas, and the system is configured to apply the voltage between one or more of the electrically conductive areas and the counter electrode.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is configured to apply a negative voltage between the surface and the counter electrode.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is deionized water.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ionic surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is configured to cause adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface which activates or suppresses bubble formation in the fluid at the surface in less than one minute at the saturation conditions.

7. A method of selectively boiling a fluid, the method comprising:

providing the tunable boiling system of claim 1 ;

heating the fluid with the one or more heaters; and

applying the voltage between the surface and the counter electrode in order to cause the adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface which activates or suppresses the bubble formation in the fluid at the surface.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the surface includes two or more electrically conductive areas, and applying the voltage includes applying the voltage between one or more of the electrically conductive areas and the counter electrode.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein applying the voltage includes applying the voltage between a first electrically conductive area and the counter electrode and then applying the voltage between a second electrically conductive area and the counter electrode in order to activate or suppress the bubble formation in the fluid at different locations on the surface.

10. The method of claim 7 , wherein the bubble formation is increased with increasing negative voltage.

11. The method of claim 7 , wherein the bubble formation is decreased with increasing negative voltage.

12. The method of claim 7 , wherein the solvent is deionized water.

13. The method of claim 7 , wherein the ionic surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

14. The method of claim 7 , wherein the system is configured to cause adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface which activates or suppresses bubble formation in the fluid at the surface in less than one minute at the saturation conditions.

15. A method of forming a tunable boiling system, the method comprising:

providing a solvent;

dissolving an ionic surfactant in the solvent to form a fluid;

disposing a counter electrode within the fluid;

placing a surface of a working electrode in contact with the fluid;

providing one or more heaters in thermal contact with the working electrode, the fluid, or both, the one or more heaters configured to heat the fluid to or near a boiling point of the fluid; and

configuring the system to apply a voltage between the surface and the counter electrode to cause adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface which activates or suppresses bubble formation in the fluid at the surface.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the surface includes two or more electrically conductive areas, and the system is configured to apply the voltage between one or more of the electrically conductive areas and the counter electrode.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the system is configured to apply a negative voltage between the surface and the counter electrode.

18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the solvent is deionized water.

19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the ionic surfactant is sodium dodecyl sulfate or dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide.

20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the system is configured to cause adsorption or desorption of the surfactant to the surface which activates or suppresses bubble formation in the fluid at the surface in less than one minute at the saturation conditions.