Piezoelectric ultrasonic transducer and process
A piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) includes a multilayer stack disposed on a substrate. The multilayer stack may include an anchor structure disposed over the substrate, a piezoelectric layer stack disposed over the anchor structure, and a mechanical layer disposed proximate to the piezoelectric layer stack. The piezoelectric layer stack may be disposed over a cavity. The mechanical layer may seal the cavity and, together with the piezoelectric layer stack, is supported by the anchor structure and forms a membrane over the cavity, the membrane being configured to undergo one or both of flexural motion and vibration when the PMUT receives or transmits ultrasonic signals.
1. A piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) comprising:
a multilayer stack disposed on a substrate and including:
an anchor structure disposed over the substrate;
a piezoelectric layer stack disposed over the anchor structure
an acoustic coupling medium disposed above the piezoelectric layer stack; and
a mechanical layer disposed proximate to the piezoelectric layer stack; wherein:
the piezoelectric layer stack is disposed over a cavity;
the mechanical layer seals the cavity and, together with the piezoelectric layer stack, is supported by the anchor structure and forms a membrane over the cavity, the membrane being configured to undergo one or both of flexural motion and vibration when the PMUT receives or transmits ultrasonic signals; and
the PMUT is configured to receive or transmit ultrasonic signals through the coupling medium.
2. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical layer has a thickness such that a neutral axis of the multilayer stack is displaced, relative to a neutral axis of the piezoelectric layer stack, towards the mechanical layer to allow an out-of-plane bending mode.
3. The PMUT of claim 2 , wherein the mechanical layer is substantially thicker than the piezoelectric layer stack.
4. The PMUT of claim 2 , wherein the neutral axis passes through the mechanical layer.
5. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein:
the cavity is formed by removing a sacrificial material through at least one release hole;
the mechanical layer is formed after removing the sacrificial material; and
forming the mechanical layer seals the cavity by sealing the at least one release hole.
6. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric layer stack includes a piezoelectric layer, a lower electrode disposed below the piezoelectric layer, and an upper electrode disposed above the piezoelectric layer.
7. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical layer includes a recess where the mechanical layer is locally thinned.
8. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical layer is disposed over a side of the piezoelectric stack opposite to the substrate.
9. The PMUT of claim 1 , wherein the mechanical layer is disposed below a side of the piezoelectric stack facing the substrate.
10. A piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) comprising:
a multilayer stack disposed on a substrate and including:
an anchor structure disposed over the substrate;
a piezoelectric layer stack disposed over the anchor structure; and
a mechanical layer disposed proximate to the piezoelectric layer stack, the mechanical layer including a recess where the mechanical layer is locally thinned; wherein
the piezoelectric layer stack is disposed over a cavity; and
the mechanical layer, together with the piezoelectric layer stack, is supported by the anchor structure and forms a membrane over the cavity, the membrane being configured to undergo one or both of flexural motion and vibration when the PMUT receives or transmits ultrasonic signals.
11. The PMUT of claim 10 , wherein:
the cavity is formed by removing a sacrificial material through at least one release hole;
the mechanical layer is formed after removing the sacrificial material; and
forming the mechanical layer seals the cavity by sealing the at least one release hole.
12. The PMUT of claim 10 , wherein the mechanical layer is disposed over a side of the piezoelectric stack opposite to the substrate.
13. The PMUT of claim 10 , wherein the mechanical layer is disposed below a side of the piezoelectric stack facing the substrate.
14. The PMUT of claim 10 , further comprising an acoustic coupling medium disposed above the piezoelectric layer stack, wherein the PMUT is configured to receive or transmit ultrasonic signals through the coupling medium.
15. An apparatus comprising:
an array of piezoelectric micromechanical ultrasonic transducer (PMUT) sensors; and
an acoustic coupling medium, wherein:
at least one PMUT includes a multilayer stack disposed on a substrate and including an anchor structure disposed over the substrate, a piezoelectric layer stack disposed over the anchor structure and a cavity, and a mechanical layer disposed proximate to the piezoelectric layer stack, the mechanical layer sealing the cavity;
the acoustic coupling medium is disposed above the piezoelectric layer stack; and
the PMUT is configured to receive or transmit ultrasonic signals through the coupling medium.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the mechanical layer, together with the piezoelectric layer stack, forms a membrane over the cavity, the membrane being configured to undergo one or both of flexural motion and vibration when the PMUT receives or transmits ultrasonic signals.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the mechanical layer has a thickness such that a neutral axis of the multilayer stack is displaced, relative to a neutral axis of the piezoelectric layer stack, towards the mechanical layer to allow an out-of-plane bending mode.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the mechanical layer is substantially thicker than the piezoelectric layer stack.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 , wherein the neutral axis passes through the mechanical layer.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein:
the cavity is formed by removing a sacrificial material through at least one release hole;
the mechanical layer is formed after removing the sacrificial material; and
the mechanical layer seals the cavity by sealing the at least one release hole.
21. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the mechanical layer includes a recess where the mechanical layer is locally thinned.
22. The apparatus of claim 15 , wherein the mechanical layer is disposed over a side of the piezoelectric stack opposite to the substrate or below a side of the piezoelectric stack facing the substrate.