Polymer for use as protective layers and other components in electrochemical cells
Polymers for use as protective layers and other components in electrochemical cells are provided. In some embodiments, the electrochemical cell is a lithium-based electrochemical cell.
1. An electrochemical cell, comprising: an anode comprising lithium a protective layer adjacent to the anode comprising a polymer; and a cathode, wherein the polymer comprises polymerized units of a first monomer comprising a group capable of associating with a metal cation and a second monomer, having the following structure,
wherein X is aryl substituted with a hydrophilic group.
2. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the first monomer has the following structure,
wherein W is a group capable of associating with a metal cation.
3. An electrochemical cell as in claim 2 , wherein W comprises an optionally substituted alkylene, an optionally substituted heteroalkylene, an optionally substituted arylene, or an optionally substituted heteroalkylene.
4. An electrochemical cell as in claim 3 , wherein W is aryl substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups.
5. An electrochemical cell as in claim 2 , wherein W has the structure,
wherein each R 1 is independently halide, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl.
6. An electrochemical cell as in claim 5 , wherein R 1 is halide or optionally substituted alkyl.
7. An electrochemical cell as in claim 6 , wherein R 1 is fluorine.
8. An electrochemical cell as in claim 6 , wherein R 1 is alkyl substituted with one or more electron-withdrawing groups.
9. An electrochemical cell as in claim 5 , wherein R 1 is C t Z (2t+1) , wherein each Z is independently hydrogen or halide, and t is an integer from 1 to 20.
10. An electrochemical cell as in claim 9 , wherein each Z is halide.
11. An electrochemical cell as in claim 9 , each Z is fluorine.
12. An electrochemical cell as in claim 5 , wherein W has the following structure,
13. An electrochemical cell as in claim 5 , wherein the first monomer is
14. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X is aryl substituted with an optionally substituted heteroalkyl, an optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, or an optionally substituted aryl-heteroalkyl.
15. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X is aryl substituted with one or more ether groups.
16. An electrochemical cell as in claim 15 , wherein the ether group is a poly(alkylene oxide), a cyclic ether, an arylether, or a polymer or copolymer thereof.
17. An electrochemical cell as in claim 15 , wherein the ether group is a poly(propylene oxide) chain, a poly(ethylene oxide) chain, or a crown ether.
18. An electrochemical cell as in claim 15 , wherein the ether group has the formula,
—O[(CH 2 ) e O] f —R 2 ,
wherein e is an integer from 1-6, f is an integer from 1 to 100, and R 2 is H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl.
19. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X is aryl substituted with a group having the formula,
—NR 2 {[(C(R 2 ) 2 ] e NR 2 } f —R 2 ,
wherein e is an integer from 1-6, f is an integer from 1 to 100, and each R 2 is independently H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl.
20. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X comprises the structure,
H wherein Q is optionally substituted alkylene, optionally substituted heteroalkylene, optionally substituted arylene, or optionally substituted heteroalkylene; R 2 is H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl; g is 1, 2, 3, or 4, and h is an integer from 1 to 100.
21. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X has the structure,
wherein R 2 is H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl; g is 1, 2, 3, or 4, and h is an integer from 1 to 100.
22. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein X has the structure,
wherein R 2 is H, optionally substituted alkyl, or optionally substituted aryl; a, c, and d are each independently an integer between 1-100; and b is an integer between 1-50.
23. An electrochemical cell as in claim 22 , wherein R 2 is H or optionally substituted alkyl.
24. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the second monomer is
25. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the first monomer comprises a negatively charged group.
26. An electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises at least a first type of side chain and a second type of side chain, wherein the first type of side chain includes the group capable of associating with a metal cation, and wherein the second type of side chain includes the hydrophilic group.
27. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises polymerized units of a third monomer comprising a crosslinking group.
28. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises a side chain having a negatively charged group.
29. An electrochemical cell as in claim 1 , wherein the first monomer is capable of solvating a metal cation.