Fast charging of battery using adjustable voltage control

1. A method for charging at least one lithium ion cell, the method comprising:

(a) applying, to the lithium ion cell, a constant first stage charging current via a battery cell charger until a first stage charging voltage is about equal to a predefined first stage voltage less than a maximum cell voltage, the constant first stage charging current greater than about 1C; and thereafter

(b) applying multiple constant second stage charging currents to the lithium ion cell via the battery cell charger at different current levels, wherein the constant second stage charging currents are applied based on accessing a lookup table that relates at least current, temperature and open source voltage to each other; and thereafter

(c) applying, to the lithium ion cell via the battery cell charger, a constant third stage charging voltage about equal to a predefined voltage from the multiple constant second stage charging currents.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the constant first stage charging current has a target voltage specified as a percentage of the maximum cell voltage.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the constant second stage charging currents are determined responsive to an imaginary R Bad resistance included in series with an R Nominal resistance of a DC model for the lithium ion cell, wherein the imaginary R Bad resistance decreases during at least the constant first stage charging current and increases when SOC rises toward an end of a charging session.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance includes a function component responsive to one or more of said R Nominal resistance, the SOC of the lithium ion cell, and a temperature of the lithium ion cell such that a voltage V cell of the lithium ion cell is about equal to the maximum cell voltage minus charging current times the imaginary R Bad resistance.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance includes a component that is about equal to a first constant k1 times the R Nominal resistance minus a second constant k2 times the SOC wherein said first constant k1 is about between 0 and 1 and wherein said second constant k2 is about 0.001/SOC %.

6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said first constant k1 is about equal to 0.1.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein said R Nominal resistance is determined from the lookup table, and wherein the lookup table also relates the SOC to the current, temperature and open source voltage.

8. The method of claim 3 , wherein said R Nominal resistance is estimated in real-time or over time.

9. The method of claim 3 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance is determined from the lookup table, and wherein the lookup table also relates the SOC to the current, temperature and open source voltage.

10. The method of claim 3 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance is estimated in real-time or over time.

11. A method for charging at least one lithium ion cell, the method comprising:

(a) applying, to the lithium ion cell via a battery cell charger, a constant first stage charging power until a first stage charging voltage is about equal to a predefined first stage voltage less than a maximum cell voltage; and thereafter

(b) applying multiple constant second stage charging powers to the lithium ion cell via the battery cell charger at different current levels, wherein the constant second stage charging powers are applied based on accessing a lookup table that relates at least current, temperature and open source voltage to each other; and thereafter

(c) applying, to the lithium ion cell via the battery cell charger, a constant third stage charging voltage about equal to a predefined voltage from the multiple constant second stage charging powers.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the constant first stage charging power has a target voltage specified as a percentage of the maximum cell voltage.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the constant second stage charging powers are determined responsive to an imaginary R Bad resistance included in series with an R Nominal resistance of a DC model for the lithium ion cell, wherein the imaginary R Bad resistance decreases during at least the constant first stage charging power current and increases when SOC rises toward an end of a charging session.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance includes a function component responsive to one or more of said R Nominal resistance, the SOC of the lithium ion cell, and a temperature of the lithium ion cell such that a voltage V cell of the lithium ion cell is about equal to the maximum cell voltage minus charging current times the imaginary R Bad resistance.

15. The method of claim 13 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance includes a component that is about equal to a first constant k1 times the R Nominal resistance minus a second constant k2 times the SOC wherein said first constant k1 is about between 0 and 1 and wherein said second constant k2 is about 0.001/SOC %.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said first constant k1 is about equal to 0.1.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein said R Nominal resistance is determined from the lookup table, and wherein the lookup table also relates the SOC to the current, temperature and open source voltage.

18. The method of claim 13 , wherein said R Nominal resistance is estimated in real-time or over time.

19. The method of claim 13 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance is determined from the lookup table, and wherein the lookup table also relates the SOC to the current, temperature and open source voltage.

20. The method of claim 13 , wherein said imaginary R Bad resistance is estimated in real-time or over time.