Superior lithium ion battery electrode and methods for fabricating such
Methods are provided for forming an electrode. The method can comprises: thermally reducing GeO 2 powders at a reducing temperature of 300° C. to 600° C. to produce Ge particles; mixing the Ge particles with an organic binder and a carbon source; and pressing the Ge particles with the binder and the carbon source to form the electrode. Electrodes are also provided that include a plurality of microparticles comprising Ge grains, an organic binder, and a carbon source, wherein the Ge grains comprise cubic Ge and are bonded together to form Ge particles, and wherein the Ge grains define nanopores within the electrode.
1. A method of forming an electrode, the method comprising:
thermally reducing GeO 2 powders at a reducing temperature of 300° C. to 450° C. and at a pressure of approximately 1 bar to produce porous Ge particles, the GeO 2 powders having an average size of about 100 nm to about 200 nm prior to the thermal reduction, the Ge particles having an average size of about 2.5 μm to about 10 μm, each Ge particle including a plurality of cubic Ge grains bonded to one another, the porous Ge particles comprising nanopores between the individual Ge grains;
mixing the Ge particles with an organic binder and a carbon source; and
pressing the Ge particles with the binder and the carbon source to form the electrode.
2. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the GeO 2 powders are reduced in a reducing atmosphere comprising hydrogen.
3. The method as in claim 2 , wherein the reducing atmosphere consists essentially of hydrogen.
4. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the Ge particles have an average size of about 5 μm.
5. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the Ge grains have an average size of about 100 nm.
6. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the organic binder comprises alginate.
7. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the organic binder comprises a polyacrylate, a poly(acrylic acid), guar, or mixtures thereof.
8. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the carbon source comprises carbon black.
9. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the carbon source comprises acetylene black.
10. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the Ge particles are pressed with the binder and the carbon source at a pressure of about 10 MPa.
11. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the Ge particles comprise about 80% by weight of the electrode.
12. The method as in claim 1 , wherein the step of thermally reducing the GeO 2 powders is carried out over a period of 10 hours.