Method for forming a reduced graphene oxide/metal sulfide composite and its use as an anode for batteries
The invention relates to anode materials suitable for use in batteries, such as lithium ion batteries and sodium ion batteries. In particular, the anode material is a reduced graphene oxide/metal sulfide composite. Methods for forming the reduced graphene oxide/metal sulfide composite are also disclosed.
1. A method for forming a reduced grapheme oxide/metal sulfide composite, comprising:
adding a dispersion comprising graphene oxide to hydrogen peroxide solution;
adding one or more metal complex or salt solution to the dispersion;
precipitating one or more peroxide-rich sol onto the graphene oxide surface to form one or more peroxide rich-metal oxide precursor-supported grapheme oxide;
treating the supported graphene oxide with a sulfur source;
heating the treated supported graphene oxide at a first temperature to form a powder; and
heating the powder at a second temperature to form the reduced graphene oxide/metal sulfide composite,
wherein adding one or more metal complex or salt solution to the dispersion futher comprises adding one or more doping metal precursor to the dispersion and wherein the metal of the one or more doping metal precursor is lithium or sodium.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein precipitating comprises adding an antisolvent to the dispersion.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein treating the supported graphene oxide with a sulfur source comprises bubbling hydrogen sulfide through an alcohol suspension.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is about 60° C. to about 100° C.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first temperature is about 80° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second temperature is about 200° C. to about 500° C.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the second temperature is about 300° C.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the heating of the treated supported graphene oxide and the heating of the powder is carried out in vacuum.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metal complex or salt solution is hydroxoantimonate solution, hydroxostannate solution, hydroxogermanate solution, hydroxozincate solution, or a mixture thereof.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide is MS x , wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Ge, Sn, Zn, Sb, Zn, and In, and 1≦x≦3.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal sulfide is antimony (III) sulfide (Sb 2 S 3 ), antimony (V) sulfide (Sb 2 S 5 ), tin (II) sulfide (SnS), tin (IV) sulfide (SnS 2 ), zinc sulfide (ZnS), germanium (II) sulfide(GeS), tin (IV) sulfide (GeS 2 ), indium (III) sulfide (In 2 S 3 ) or a mixture thereof.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the metal sulfide is Sb 2 S 3 or SnS 2 .