Individualized vaccines for cancer

1. A method for treating cancer in a subject comprising the steps of:

(a) inducing a first immune response comprising a CD8+T cell response against one or more tumor antigens in the subject selected from the group consisting of dopachrome tautomerase (DCT), tyrosinase (TYR), and transmembrane phosphatase with tensin homology (TPTE), wherein the first immune response is not specific for cancer specific somatic mutations present in cancer cells of the subject; and

(b) inducing a second immune response comprising a CD4+T cell response against one or more tumor antigens in the subject, wherein the second immune response is specific for cancer specific somatic mutations present in cancer cells of the subject, wherein the second immune response is induced by administering a vaccine comprising a polyepitopic polypeptide comprising a plurality of neo-epitopes comprising said somatic mutations, or a vaccine comprising a nucleic acid encoding the polyepitopic polypeptide, wherein the neo-epitopes are flanked by amino acid sequences which flank the neo-epitopes in their naturally occurring proteins, so as to form vaccine sequences comprising up to 50 amino acids, wherein the vaccine sequences are spaced by at least one linker, wherein the at least one linker comprises 3 to 50 amino acids consisting of (i) glycine amino acids or (ii) serine and glycine amino acids.

2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second immune response is a cellular response.

3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first immune response is induced by administering one or more vaccine products selected from a set comprising pre-manufactured vaccine products, wherein each pre-manufactured vaccine product in the set induces an immune response against a tumor antigen.

4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the vaccine products administered induce immune responses against tumor antigens that are prevalent in the cancer to be treated.

5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the set comprises vaccine products inducing immune responses against tumor antigens that are prevalent in a plurality of cancers.

6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the subject is positive for the one or more of said tumor antigens.

7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer specific somatic mutations are present in the exome of cancer cells of the subject and are non-synonymous mutations.

8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polyepitopic polypeptide comprises up to 30 mutation based neo-epitopes.

9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polypeptide further comprises epitopes not containing cancer specific somatic mutations which are expressed by cancer cells.

10. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the vaccine sequences are about 30 amino acids long.

11. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the neo-epitopes and/or vaccine sequences are arranged head-to-tail.

12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and/or second immune response is induced by administering an RNA vaccine.

13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the tumor antigens are tumor-associated antigens.

14. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the pre-manufactured vaccine products comprise vaccine products inducing immune responses against a plurality of tumor antigens.

15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cancer is melanoma.

16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one linker is composed of serine and glycine amino acids, and wherein at least 50% of the amino acids are glycine amino acids.

17. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one linker comprises 6 to 50 amino acids.

18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one linker comprises 6 to 30 amino acids.

19. The method according to claim 1 , wherein step (b) is performed after step (a).