Systems and methods for mechanical mapping of cardiac rhythm

1. An imaging system for mapping behavior of a heart, comprising:

an imaging device configured to acquire a series of two or more images of the heart over a period at one or more pixel locations, each pixel location corresponding to a region of the heart; and

an image processor, coupled to the imaging device, configured to:

obtain image data of the one or more pixel locations during the-period,

measure a periodicity of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations over the series of images, wherein the periodicity corresponds to an electromechanical signal of the heart in the region corresponding to the measured one or more pixel locations, and

analyze the electromechanical signal to determine one or more patterns characteristic of an arrhythmia,

determine a source or a type of the arrhythmia based on the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal, wherein the arrhythmia comprises at least one of a focal arrhythmia, a reentrant arrhythmia, and atrial flutter, and

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the arrhythmia is the focal arrhythmia, identifying a location of a focal zone and a subsequent propagation of cardiac activation;

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the arrhythmia is the reentrant arrhythmia, perform a Fourier analysis on the electromechanical signal to determine a cycle length and one or more propagation patterns; and

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the atrial flutter, analyze strain images of the heart to identify an anatomic structure and guide ablation to treat the arrhythmia.

2. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image processor is configured to measure the periodicity of the image data by measuring a peak frequency of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations, the image processor being further configured to determine a peak cycle length from each peak frequency, the peak cycle length corresponding to an electrical cycle length of the electromechanical signal of the heart in the region corresponding to the measured one or more pixel locations.

3. The imaging system of claim 2 , wherein the image processor is further configured to measure a phase associated with each peak frequency, the phase corresponding to a direction of propagation of the electromechanical signal in the heart.

4. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image processor is further configured to measure the periodicity by measuring a crossing of a threshold of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations.

5. The imaging system of claim 4 , wherein the threshold corresponds to a condition of zero strain at the region of the heart corresponding to the one or more pixel locations.

6. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image processor is further configured to measure the periodicity by performing a Fourier transform of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations.

7. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image data comprises an intensity of each of the one or more pixel locations.

8. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging device comprises an ultrasound transducer.

9. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image data comprises first image data corresponding to one or more first pixel locations corresponding to a first region of the heart and second image data corresponding to one or more second pixel locations corresponding to a second region of the heart, and the image processor is further configured to compare a first periodicity corresponding to the first region and a second periodicity corresponding to the second region.

10. The imaging system of claim 9 , wherein the image processor is further configured to compare a first phase associated with the first periodicity and a second phase associated with the second periodicity, and compare the first phase with the second phase to determine a direction of propagation of the electromechanical signal in the heart.

11. The imaging system of claim 10 , wherein the first region of the heart comprises at least a portion of the right atrium and the second region of the heart comprises at least a portion of the left atrium or ventricles.

12. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging processor is configured to determine the type of the arrhythmia.

13. The imaging system of claim 12 , wherein the imaging processor is further configured to estimate a likelihood of success of a treatment for the arrhythmia.

14. The imaging system of claim 13 , wherein the treatment comprises ablation or cardioversion.

15. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the image processor is further configured to analyze the electromechanical signal by identifying a first zero-crossing of a strain characteristic over time determined based on the electromechanical signal.

16. The imaging system of claim 1 , wherein the imaging device is further configured to acquire the strain images using an intracardiac echocardiography catheter in communication with the imaging device.

17. A method for planning and monitoring treatment of an arrhythmia in a heart, comprising:

acquiring a series of two or more images of the heart over a period, the series of images taken at one or more pixel locations, each pixel location corresponding to a region of the heart;

obtaining image data corresponding to the one or more pixel locations during the period;

measuring, by an image processor, a periodicity of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations over the series of images, wherein the periodicity corresponds to an electromechanical signal of the heart in the region corresponding to the measured one or more pixel locations;

analyzing the electromechanical signal to determine one or more patterns characteristic of the arrhythmia;

determining a source or a type of the arrhythmia based on the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal, wherein the arrhythmia comprises at least one of a focal arrhythmia, a reentrant arrhythmia, and atrial flutter, and

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the arrhythmia is the focal arrhythmia, identifying a location of a focal zone and a subsequent propagation of cardiac activation;

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the arrhythmia is the reentrant arrhythmia, performing a Fourier analysis on the electromechanical signal to determine a cycle length and one or more propagation patterns; and

if the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal indicates the atrial flutter, imaging the heart to identify an anatomic structure and guide ablation to treat the arrhythmia.

18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising performing the ablation, wherein the ablation comprises radio-frequency ablation, the method further comprising measuring myocardial strains and differences between the myocardial strains before or after the radio-frequency ablation.

19. The method of claim 17 , wherein analyzing the electromechanical signal includes identifying a first zero-crossing of a strain characteristic over time determined based on the electromechanical signal.

20. The method of claim 17 , wherein imaging the heart comprises acquiring strain images of the heart using an intracardiac echocardiography catheter.

21. The method of claim 17 , wherein measuring the periodicity of the image data comprises measuring a peak frequency of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations, the method further comprising determining a peak cycle length from each peak frequency, the peak cycle length corresponding to an electrical cycle length of the electromechanical signal of the heart in the region corresponding to the measured one or more pixel locations.

22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising measuring a phase associated with each peak frequency, the phase corresponding to a direction of propagation of the electromechanical signal in the heart.

23. The method of claim 17 , wherein measuring the periodicity comprises measuring a crossing of a threshold of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations.

24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the threshold corresponds to a condition of zero strain at the region of the heart corresponding to the one or more pixel locations.

25. The method of claim 17 , wherein measuring the periodicity comprises performing a Fourier transform of the image data for each of the one or more pixel locations.

26. The method of claim 17 , wherein the image data comprises first image data corresponding to one or more first pixel locations corresponding to a first region of the heart and second image data corresponding to one or more second pixel locations corresponding to a second region of the heart, the method further comprising comparing a first periodicity corresponding to the first region and a second periodicity corresponding to the second region.

27. The method of claim 26 , further comprising measuring a first phase associated with the first periodicity and a second phase associated with the second periodicity, and comparing the first phase with the second phase to determine a direction of propagation of the electromechanical signal in the heart.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the first region of the heart comprises at least a portion of the right atrium and the second region of the heart comprises at least a portion of the left atrium or ventricles.

29. The method of claim 17 , further comprising, determining a type of arrhythmia based on the one or more patterns determined from the electromechanical signal.

30. The method of claim 29 , further comprising, estimating a likelihood of success of a treatment for the arrhythmia.

31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the treatment comprises ablation or cardioversion.