Ionic liquid electrolyte and method to electrodeposit metals
An electrolyte and a method to electroplate a metal on a substrate using the electrolyte are described. The electrolyte includes an imidazolium compound, a metal salt, and water. The imidazolium compound has formula (I) wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently selected from an H atom and an organic radical. L − is a compatible anion. The metal salt can include but is not limited to salts of the metals Li, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Al, Ag, Au, Ga, V, In, Nb, Mo, and W.
1. An electrolyte for electrodepositing metals on a substrate comprising an imidazolium compound, a metal salt, and water, wherein the imidazolium compound has formula (1):
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an H atom and an organic radical, and L − is a compatible anion, wherein the ratio of imidazolium compound to metal salt is from 0.1:4 to 200:1, and wherein the water is present in the electrolyte in an amount from 6 M to 50 M.
2. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently selected from the group consisting of an H atom and an organic radical of from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
3. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein L − is selected from the group consisting of chloride, carboxylate anions, oxides, organic sulfite or sulfate, inorganic sulfite or sulfate, sulfonate, sulfamate, carbonate, nitrate, nitrite, thiocyanate, hydroxide, sulfonylimide, phosphates, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphites, phosphonites and phosphinites, borates, carboxylates, and acetates.
4. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein L − is nitrate, chloride, sulfonate, or sulfamate.
5. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is a hydrated metal salt.
6. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the metal salt is selected from the group consisting of Li, Mg, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Bi, La, Ce, Al, Ag, Au, Ga, V, In, Nb, Mo, and W.
7. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the imidazolium compound is selected from the group consisting of 1-Methyl-3-Methylimidazolium (MMIM) chloride, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate, and alkyl sulfamate; 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium (EMIM) chloride, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate, and alkyl sulfamate; 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium (BMIM) chloride, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate, and alkyl sulfamate; 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium (HMIM) chloride, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate, and alkyl sulfamate, and wherein the metal salt is selected from the group consisting of ZnCl 2 .2H 2 O, CaCl 2 .6H 2 O, MgCl 2 .6H 2 O, CrCl 3 .6H 2 O, CoCl 2 .6H 2 O, LaCl 3 .6H 2 O, CuCl 2 .2H 2 O, LiCl.5H 2 O, MoCl 5 , WCl 6 , Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Cr(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O, Mn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 .9H 2 O, Co(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, Cu(NO 3 ) 2 .3H 2 O, Li(NO 3 ).H 2 O, Mg(NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O, La(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, Cd(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Ce(NO 3 ) 3 .6H 2 O, Bi(NO 3 ) 3 .5H 2 O, Zn(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O, Cd(OAc) 2 .2H 2 O, Pb(OAc) 2 .3H 2 O, and Cr 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .15H 2 O.
8. The electrolyte of claim 7 , wherein the imidazolium compound is selected from the group consisting of 1-Methyl-3-Methylimidazolium (MMIM) chloride, 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium (EMIM) chloride, 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium (BMIM) chloride, and 1-Hexyl-3-Methylimidazolium (HMIM) chloride, and the metal salt is CrCl 3 .6H 2 O.
9. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the water is present at a concentration of 6 M to 40 M.
10. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the water is present at a concentration of 6 M to 30 M.
11. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of imidazolium compound to metal salt is between 0.5:1 and 100:1.
12. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the metal of the metal salt is Cr.
13. The electrolyte of claim 1 , wherein the imidazolium compound, the metal salt, and water are present in sufficient quantities to electrodeposit a thickness of a metal on the substrate from 1 μm to 500 μm.