Apparatus and method for dispersing particles in a molten material without using a mold
An apparatus for dispersing particles within a molten material in a mold-less casting process comprises a primary electromagnet for generating an AC magnetic field and a secondary electromagnet adjacent to the primary electromagnet for generating an independent DC magnetic field. Each of the primary and secondary electromagnets comprises a coil and at least one of the electromagnets is positioned about a common longitudinal axis. A heat source may be positioned at a first end of the common longitudinal axis for forming a melt to be exposed to the AC and DC magnetic fields, and a particle injection device is positioned at one or more positions about the common longitudinal axis for injecting particles into the melt during magnetic field exposure. The apparatus does not include a solid body for containing the melt prior to solidification.
1. A method of dispersing particles in a molten material in a mold-less casting process, the method comprising:
forming a molten mass of material unsupported by a mold or other solid body;
applying a gradient electromagnetic pressure and an oscillatory electromagnetic pressure to the molten mass, the gradient electromagnetic pressure being non-oscillatory and being varied over at least a portion of the molten mass;
injecting particles into a surface region of the molten mass as the gradient and oscillatory electromagnetic pressures are being applied, the gradient electromagnetic pressure constraining the molten mass of material to a predetermined shape while the oscillatory electromagnetic pressure promotes mixing of the particles in the surface region; and
solidifying the molten mass of material after injecting and mixing the particles, thereby forming a particle-reinforced casting with enhanced surface and/or bulk properties.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the molten mass of material comprises melting at least a portion of a continuous feed of solid material, the method being a continuous casting process.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the molten mass of material comprises melting at least a portion of a sample of solid material, the method being a batch casting process.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the gradient electromagnetic pressure and the oscillatory electromagnetic pressure to the molten mass comprises exposing the molten mass of material to an AC magnetic field and to a DC magnetic field.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the AC magnetic field comprises a field strength of from about 0.01 Tesla to about 0.5 Tesla and a frequency of from about 0.05 kHz to about 10,000 kHz, and
wherein the DC magnetic field comprises a field strength of from about 1 Tesla to about 30 Tesla.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gradient electromagnetic pressure is expressed mathematically as −[B ac (z)] 2 /2μ, where μ is the permeability in free space and B ac (z) is field strength of the AC magnetic field, and
wherein the oscillatory electromagnetic pressure is expressed mathematically as B dc (B ac (z)/μ)sin(ωt)+([B ac (z)] 2 /2μ)cos(2ωt), where p is permeability in free space, B ac (z) is field strength of the AC magnetic field, B dc (z) is field strength of the DC magnetic field, t is time, and ω=2πf, where f is frequency of the AC magnetic field.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein injecting particles into a surface region of the molten mass comprises spraying the particles from one or more nozzles positioned about and oriented toward the molten mass.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein solidifying the molten mass comprises cooling the molten mass with a flow of a cooling fluid.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle-reinforced casting comprises a non-uniform dispersion of the particles, a surface of the particle-reinforced casting comprising a higher volume fraction of the particles than a bulk of the particle-reinforced casting.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle-reinforced casting comprises a substantially uniform dispersion of the particles throughout an entire cross-section thereof.
11. A method of dispersing particles in a molten material in a mold-less casting process, the method comprising:
forming a molten mass of material unsupported by a mold or other solid body, the material including a plurality of particles dispersed therein;
applying a gradient electromagnetic pressure and an oscillatory electromagnetic pressure to the molten mass of material, the gradient electromagnetic pressure being non-oscillatory and being varied over at least a portion of the molten mass, thereby constraining the molten mass of material to a predetermined shape while the oscillatory electromagnetic pressure promotes mixing of the particles in the molten mass; and
solidifying the molten mass of material, thereby forming a particle-reinforced casting with enhanced surface and/or bulk properties.
12. The method of claim 11 , further comprising injecting particles into a surface region of the molten mass as the gradient and oscillatory electromagnetic pressures are being applied.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein applying the gradient electromagnetic pressure and the oscillatory electromagnetic pressure to the molten mass comprises exposing the molten mass of material to an AC magnetic field and to a DC magnetic field.