Widely tunable laser control

1. A tunable laser system comprising:

a first wavelength selective element characterized by a first reflectance spectrum, wherein:

the first is a function of temperature of a first heating element; and

the first wavelength selective element is formed on a substrate;

a second wavelength selective element characterized by a second reflectance spectrum, wherein:

the second wavelength selective element is formed on the substrate;

the second reflectance spectrum is a function of temperature of a second heating element; and

the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element form an optical resonator;

a phase adjuster for modifying an index of refraction of a material to alter an optical path length of the optical resonator by changing a temperature of the material using a third heating element, wherein the index of refraction of the material is a function of temperature;

a photodiode configured to monitor a power output of the tunable laser system, wherein the photodiode is formed on the substrate;

electronics configured to:

apply a bias to the phase adjuster;

apply a time-varying signal with the bias to the phase adjuster;

a gain medium between the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element;

a first temperature sensor configured to determine changes in temperature of the first heating element; and

a second temperature sensor configured to determine changes in temperature of the second heating element, wherein operating the tunable laser system at different lasing frequencies is based on using predetermined values for the first temperature sensor, predetermined values for the second temperature sensor, and an electrical signal from the photodiode detecting the time-varying signal to modify the bias.

2. The tunable laser system of claim 1 , wherein the time-varying signal is a square wave.

3. The tunable laser system of claim 1 , wherein the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element each comprise a binary super grating.

4. The tunable laser system of claim 1 , wherein the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element are made of silicon and the gain medium comprises III-V material.

5. The tunable laser system of claim 1 , wherein:

the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element are formed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer; and

the gain medium is disposed in a pit of the SOI wafer.

6. The tunable laser system of claim 1 , wherein the time-varying signal repeats periodically equal to 1 kHz, 10 kHz, or a value between 1 kHz and 10 kHz.

7. The tunable laser system of claim 1 further comprising:

a first controller for locking the first heating element to a first predetermined value using input from the first temperature sensor, wherein the first controller is a proportional integral derivative (PID) controller;

a second controller for locking the second heating element to a second predetermined value using input from the second temperature sensor, wherein the second controller is a PID controller; and

a third controller for locking the third heating element to a third value, wherein:

the third value corresponds to aligning a longitudinal mode of the tunable laser system with a reflectance peak;

the reflectance peak is formed by an overlap of the first reflectance spectrum with the second reflectance spectrum;

the third controller locks the third heating element using feedback from the photodiode detecting the time-varying signal; and

the first predetermined value and the second predetermined value determine a lasing frequency of the tunable laser system.

8. The tunable laser system of claim 1 further comprising a directional coupler disposed between the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element, wherein:

the directional coupler provides an optical output for the tunable laser system;

the directional coupler comprises a shoulder and a ridge; and

the shoulder tapers in a first portion of the directional coupler;

the ridge tapers in a second portion of the directional coupler; and

the shoulder does not taper in the second portion of the directional coupler.

9. A method for calibrating a laser, the method comprising:

thermally tuning a first wavelength selective element formed on a substrate and a second wavelength selective element formed on the substrate, wherein:

the first wavelength selective element has a first plurality of reflectance peaks;

the second wavelength selective element has a second plurality of reflectance peaks; and

thermally tuning the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element includes aligning a reflectance peak of the first plurality of reflectance peaks to, at least partially, overlap a reflectance peak of the second plurality of reflectance peaks to form an aligned pair of peaks, wherein the aligned pair of peaks has a reflectance at a first frequency;

thermally tuning a phase section of the laser to align a longitudinal mode of the laser within the aligned pair of peaks, wherein thermally tuning the phase section comprises:

applying a bias to the phase section;

applying a time-varying signal to the phase section while applying the bias;

detecting the time-varying signal using a photodiode, wherein the photodiode is formed on the substrate;

adjusting the bias based on detecting the time-varying signal; and

recording a first value, wherein:

the first value is from a first temperature sensor;

the first temperature sensor measures values corresponding to a temperature of a first heating element; and

the first heating element is used to change temperature of the first wavelength selective element;

recording a second value, wherein:

the second value is from a second temperature sensor;

the second temperature sensor measures values corresponding to a second heating element; and

the second heating element is used to change temperature of the second wavelength selective element;

recording a third value, wherein:

the third value is from a third temperature sensor;

the third temperature sensor measures values corresponding to a temperature of a third heating element;

the third heating element is used to change temperature of the phase section; and

the first value, the second value, and the third value determine a first lasing frequency of the laser;

determining a fourth value and a fifth value to operate the laser at a second lasing frequency, wherein:

determining the fourth value is based on an extrapolation using the first value; and

determining the fifth value is based on an extrapolation using the second value;

adjusting the first wavelength selective element using the fourth value; and

adjusting the second wavelength selective element using the fifth value.

10. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , wherein:

thermally tuning the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element includes using a wavelength meter; and

the wavelength meter is different from the photodiode.

11. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , the method further comprising aligning the aligned pair of peaks with an ITU (International Telecommunications Union) channel.

12. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , wherein:

the laser uses a semiconductor material for a gain medium;

a first injection current is used for the gain medium during the tuning of the phase section of the laser to align the longitudinal mode; and

a second injection current, different from the first injection current, is used for the gain medium for a second tuning of the phase section of the laser to align the longitudinal mode.

13. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , wherein when the aligned pair of peaks is formed, other peaks of the first plurality of reflectance peaks do not substantially overlap with other peaks of the second plurality of reflectance peaks.

14. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying signal is a square wave.

15. The method for calibrating the laser of claim 9 , wherein the time-varying signal repeats periodically equal to 1 kHz, 10 kHz, or a value between 1 kHz and 10 kHz.

16. A method for calibrating and operating a tunable laser, the method comprising:

tuning a first wavelength selective element and a second wavelength selective element, wherein:

the first wavelength selective element has a first plurality of reflectance peaks;

the second wavelength selective element has a second plurality of reflectance peaks; and

tuning the first wavelength selective element and the second wavelength selective element includes aligning a reflectance peak of the first plurality of reflectance peaks to, at least partially, overlap a reflectance peak of the second plurality of reflectance peaks to form an aligned pair of peaks, wherein the aligned pair of peaks has a reflectance at a given frequency;

identifying a first value, wherein:

the first value corresponds to a first temperature of a first heating element; and

the first heating element is used to change temperature of the first wavelength selective element;

identifying a second value, wherein:

the second value corresponds to a first temperature of a second heating element;

the second heating element is used to change temperature of the second wavelength selective element; and

the first value and the second value determine, at least partially, a first lasing frequency of the tunable laser;

analytically predicting, using the first value and the second value, a third value and a fourth value to operate the tunable laser at a second lasing frequency, wherein:

the third value corresponds to a second temperature of the first heating element; and

the fourth value corresponds to a second temperature of the second heating element; and

operating the tunable laser, after analytically predicting the third value and the fourth value, at the second lasing frequency using:

the third value,

the fourth value,

a time-varying signal with a bias applied to a third heating element used to change temperature of a phase adjuster,

a photodiode used to detect the time-varying signal, and

feedback from detecting the time-varying signal to change the bias.

17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising adjusting the first heating element using a control loop feedback mechanism.

18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the time-varying signal is a 1-10 kHz square wave.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first value is a temperature, current, or voltage.

20. The method of claim 16 , wherein:

the tunable laser is a semiconductor laser on a substrate; and

the first heating element, the second heating element, the third heating element, and the photodiode are integrated on the substrate using CMOS processing techniques.