Redox active polymer devices and methods of using and manufacturing the same
The disclosed technology relates generally to apparatus comprising conductive polymers and more particularly to tag and tag devices comprising a redox-active polymer film, and method of using and manufacturing the same. In one aspect, an apparatus includes a substrate and a conductive structure formed on the substrate which includes a layer of redox-active polymer film having mobile ions and electrons. The conductive structure further includes a first terminal and a second terminal configured to receive an electrical signal therebetween, where the layer of redox-active polymer is configured to conduct an electrical current generated by the mobile ions and the electrons in response to the electrical signal. The apparatus additionally includes a detection circuit operatively coupled to the conductive structure and configured to detect the electrical current flowing through the conductive structure.
1. A tag apparatus, comprising:
a substrate;
a conductive structure formed on the substrate and comprising a layer of redox-active polymer having mobile ions and mobile electrons, the conductive structure further comprising a first terminal and a second terminal configured to receive an electrical signal therebetween,
wherein the layer of redox-active polymer is configured to conduct an electrical current generated by the mobile ions and the mobile electrons in response to the electrical signal; and
a detection circuit operatively coupled to the conductive structure and configured to detect the electrical current flowing through the conductive structure,
wherein the layer of redox-active polymer comprises a zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the first and second charge centers whose charge state is compensated by mobile counterions that migrate in and out of the zwitterionic polymer unit.
2. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode redox-active polymer has a redox potential lower than a redox potential of the positive electrode redox-active polymer by greater than about 200 millivolts.
3. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode redox-active polymer has a redox potential lower than a redox potential of the positive electrode redox-active polymer by greater than about 1 volt.
4. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the negative electrode redox-active polymer and the positive electrode redox-active polymer has an electrical conductivity greater than about 10 −6 S/cm.
5. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the negative electrode redox-active polymer and the positive electrode redox-active polymer has an electrical conductivity greater than about 10 −4 S/cm.
6. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer unit comprises a repeating heterocyclic aromatic structure including at least one heteroatom, wherein each heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of oxygen (O), carbonyl, sulfur (S), nitrogen (N), and functionalized S or N.
7. The tag apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the heterocyclic aromatic structure has two heteroatoms para to each other.
8. The tag apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the heterocyclic aromatic structure further comprises a charge compensating substituent, such that the heteroatoms and the compensating substituent forms the first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other.
9. The tag apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the charge compensating substituent is selected to form a six-membered ring.
10. The tag apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the charge compensating substituent is configured to form an anionic species, and wherein the charge compensating substituent has an oxidation potential from anionic to neutral state that is more positive than the redox potential corresponding to a transition of the heteroatom from neutral to cationic state.
11. The tag apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the charge compensating substituent is configured to form a cationic species, and wherein the compensating substituent has a reduction potential from cationic to neutral state that is more negative than the redox potential corresponding to a transition of the heteroatom from neutral state to anionic state.
12. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the layer of redox-active polymer comprises a structural group selected from the group consisting of quinones, phenothiazines, N-functionalized phenothiazines, thianthrenes, phenozines, phenoxazine, phenoxathiin, dihydrophenazine, dialkyldihydrophenazine, dibenzodioxin, benzofurans, benzodifurans, imides, phthalimides, N-substituted pthalimides, and their derivatives and combinations thereof.
13. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer unit comprises a structural group selected from the group consisting of
wherein W, W′, X, X′, Z and Z′ are heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of oxygen, carbonyl, nitrogen, functionalized nitrogen and sulfur,
wherein M y is an anion or cation selected from the group consisting of sulfate, phosphate, phosphonate, carboxylate, ammonium, halogenide, sulfonate, hydroxamate, trifluoroborate, acetate, imide, perchlorate, borate, nitro, halogen, cyano, sulfonyl, cyanate, isocyano, sulfonium, phosphonium, carbanion and carborane,
wherein each of R, R 1 and R 2 is independently a hydrogen atom or one of a C 1 -C 6 alkyl chain or a C 1 -C 6 ether chain that is linear or branched and saturated or unsaturated, and
wherein n is an integer representing repetition of subunits of the respective structural group.
14. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer unit comprises a structural group selected from the group consisting of:
wherein each of R, R 1 , R′, R″ and R′″ is independently a hydrogen atom or one of a C 1 -C 6 alkyl chain or a C 1 -C 6 ether chain that is linear or branched and saturated or unsaturated, and wherein n is an integer representing repetition of subunits of the respective structural group.
15. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the zwitterionic polymer unit comprises a structural group selected from the group consisting of:
wherein each of m, m′, m″, m′″ and n is an independent integer representing repetition of respective subunits of the structural group.
16. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode further comprises a low dielectric constant additive configured to screen a zwitterionic charge.
17. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the negative electrode and the positive electrode further comprises a charge compensating polymer configured to screen a zwitterionic charge.
18. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the negative electrode redox-active polymer is an n-type redox-active polymer; and
the positive electrode redox-active polymer is a p-type redox-active polymer,
wherein the p-type redox-active polymer comprises a zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the first and second charge centers whose charge state is compensated by a mobile cationic species in the anionic state.
19. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the negative electrode redox-active polymer is an n-type redox-active polymer,
wherein the n-type redox-active polymer comprises a zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the first and second charge centers whose charge state is compensated by a mobile anionic species in the cationic state; and
the positive electrode redox-active polymer is p-type redox-active polymer.
20. The tag apparatus of claim 1 , wherein:
the negative electrode redox-active polymer is a p-type redox-active polymer,
wherein the negative redox-active polymer comprises a zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has first and second charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the first and second charge centers whose charge state is compensated by a mobile cationic species in the anionic state; and
the positive electrode redox-active polymer is a p-type redox-active polymer,
wherein the positive redox-active polymer comprises a zwitterionic polymer unit configured to reversibly switch between a zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has third and fourth charge centers having opposite charge states that compensate each other, and a non-zwitterionic state in which the zwitterionic polymer unit has one of the third and fourth charge centers whose charge state is compensated by the mobile cationic species in the anionic state.