Methods for protecting plants with antifungal compositions
A system for reducing the incidence or severity of fungal infection of a plant, comprising a chemical fungicide component, which may be provided by foliar or root (soil or liquid nutrient) application, together with an antifungal plant defensin not in nature expressed in the plant being protected or expressed in lower amounts or in different tissues, provides synergistic improvement in protection against infection by a plant pathogenic fungus which is susceptible to the defensin and the fungicide. The fungicide can be a strobilurin or a triazole, and the defensin can be selected from a wide range of known defensins, for example, NaD1 and others, or it can be a chimeric defensin engineered for low toxicity to the plant. The defensin can be provided as a protein formulation, optionally together with the fungicide, or it can be provided by recombinant expression in the plant to be protected from fungal infection.
1. A method for protecting a plant or plant seed from a disease caused by a given susceptible fungus, comprising applying said plant, plant seed or a soil surrounding the plant seed with a floral defensin which exhibits a relative permeability index of greater than 0.4 in contact with the given susceptible fungus on a scale where the permeability index of defensin NaD1 is set as 1.0 and a chemical fungicide, wherein the defensin and the chemical fungicide in combination being synergistic with respect to inhibition of the fungus, wherein the chemical fungicide is a strobilurin and/or a triazole.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the defensin is a defensin of a solanaceous plant.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting of the plant is to a leaf or stem of the plant.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contacting of the plant seed is by topically coating the seed.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the defensin is NaD1.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical fungicide is a strobilurin fungicide selected from the group consisting of azoxystrobin, picoxystrobin and fluoxastrobin.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical fungicide is a triazole fungicide selected from the group consisting of propiconazole, tebuconazole, flusilazole, fluquinconazole and prothioconazole.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the susceptible fungus is a filamentous fungus.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the filamentous fungus is selected from the group consisting of Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Leptosphaeria and Verticillium.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plant seed is from a plant genetically modified to express a plant defensin.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the defensin is a recombinant defensin.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the permeability index is measured using a green fluorescent nucleic acid-binding dye or propidium iodide.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the permeability index is measured using an ATP release assay wherein the ATP release assay measures conversion of luciferin to oxyluciferin by luciferase in the presence of ATP released by the fungus with concomitant release of light.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the defensin and the fungicide are provided in the form of a spray.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the defensin and the fungicide are admixed prior to application to the plant or seed or surrounding soil.
16. A composition having antifungal properties, for contacting a plants a plant seed or a soil surrounding the plant seed, comprising a floral defensin and a chemical fungicide, wherein said defensin exhibits a relative permeability index of greater than 0.4 in contact with a given susceptible fungus on a scale where the permeability index of defensin NaD1 is set as 1.0, wherein the chemical fungicide is a strobilurin and/or a triazole, and wherein the defensin and the chemical fungicide in combination being synergistic with respect to inhibition of the fungus.
17. The composition of claim 16 in the form of a spray or a formulation for delivery to soil.
18. The composition of claim 16 in the form of a coating for a plant seed.
19. A kit comprising a floral defensin and a chemical fungicide wherein said defensin exhibits a relative permeability index of greater than 0.4 in contact with a given susceptible fungus on a scale where the permeability index of defensin NaD1 is set as 1.0, wherein the defensin and the chemical fungicide are admixed prior to application to a plant or plant seed, wherein the chemical fungicide is a strobilurin and/or a triazole, and wherein the defensin and the chemical fungicide in combination being synergistic with respect to inhibition of the fungus.