a4B7 integrin thioether peptide antagonists

1. A peptide molecule comprising a structure of Formula (V) (SEQ ID NO: 49):

(Formula (V)

Xaa 1 -Xaa 2 -Xaa 3 -Xaa 4 -Xaa 5 -Xaa 6 -Xaa 7 -Xaa 8 -Xaa 9 -Xaa 10 -

Xaa 11 -Xaa 12 -Xaa 13 -Xaa 14

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the peptide comprises a thioether bond between Xaa 4 and Xaa 10 , and wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a methyl benzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is selected from the group consisting of N(alpha)-Me-Arg, Arg, HomoArg, Dap, Dab, Arg-Me-sym, Arg-Me-asym, 4-Guan, Cit, Cav, N-Me-Lys, Phe(4-quanidino), Phe(4-carbamoyl amino), Phe(4-NH 2 ), N-Me-HomoArg, Tyr, His, and suitable isostere replacements;

Xaa 6 is selected from the group consisting of Ser, Gly, Thr, Ile, and suitable isostere replacements;

Xaa 7 is selected from the group consisting of Asp, N-Me-Asp, Asp(OMe), D-Asp, and suitable isostere replacements;

Xaa 8 is selected from the group consisting of Thr, Gln, Ser, Asp, Pro, Gly, His, Ala, Ile, Phe, Lys, Arg, Asn, Glu, Val, Tyr, Trp, Leu, Met, HomoLeu, Nle, and N-Methyl amino acids including N-Me-Thr;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of Gln, Asn, Asp, Pro, Gly, Ala, Phe, Leu, Glu, Ile, Val, HLeu, n-Butyl Ala, n-Pentyl Ala, n-Hexyl Ala, Nle, cyclobutyl-Ala, Cpa, Cba, Aoc, N-Me-Leu, and suitable isostere replacements;

Xaa 10 is selected from the group consisting of Cys, N-Me-Cys, D-Cys, HCys, Pen, D-Pen, and Pen(=O);

Xaa 11 is absent or is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Phe(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Phe (2-carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Ser, Sar, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, aromatic amino acids, substituted aromatic amino acids, Gly, Gln, Asn, Asp, Ala, Ile, Leu, Val, Met, Thr, Lys, Trp, Tyr, His, Glu, Arg, Pro, Phe, Sar, 1-Nal, 2-Nal, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, HPhe, D-Phe, D-Tyr, Phe(4-F), O-Me-Tyr, dihydro-Trp, Dap, Dab, Dab(Ac), Orn, D-Orn, N-Me-Orn, N-Me-Dap, D-Dap, D-Dab, Bip, Ala(3,3diphenyl), Biphenyl-Ala, aromatic ring substituted Phe, aromatic ring substituted Trp, aromatic ring substituted His, hetero aromatic amino acids, N-Me-Lys, N-Me-Lys(Ac), 4-Me-Phe, Phe(4-OMe), Phe(CF3), Aic, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and corresponding D-amino acids and suitable isostere replacements;

Xaa 12 is absent or selected from the group consisting of aromatic amino acids, substituted aromatic amino acids, Glu, D-Glu, HomoGlu, Beta-Homo-Glu, Asp, D-HomoGlu, Amide, Lys, COOH, CONH 2 , Gln, Pro, Gly, His, Ala, Ile, Phe, Arg, Leu, Val, Tyr, Trp, Met, Gla, Ser, Asn, D-Glu, β-HGlu, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, D-Asp, Bip, β-HPhe, β-Glu, D-Tyr, D-Phe, D-Lys, Dap, Dab, Orn, D-Orn, N-Me-Orn, N-Me-Dap, N-Me-Dab, N-Me Lys, D-Dap, D-Dab, D-His, F(4-COOH), Tic, D-Trp, D-Leu, D-Arg, D-Thr, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, isosteres, and corresponding D-amino acids;

Xaa 13 is absent or any amino acid; and

Xaa 14 is absent or any amino acid;

wherein if the peptide molecule is a peptide dimer or subunit thereof, then Xaa 14 is absent or selected from the group consisting of: any amino acid with an amine side chain, Lys, D-Lys, N-Me-Lys, D-N-Me-Lys, Orn, N-Me-Orn, Dab, N-Me-Dab, Dap, N-Me-Dap, Homo-Lys, D-Dap, D-Dab, D-Orn, Gln, Pro, Gly, His, Ala, Ile, Phe, Lys, Arg, Leu, Val, Tyr, Trp, Met, Glu, Ser, Asn, Gla, Cys, HomoCys, COOH, CONH 2 , suitable isosteres, corresponding D-amino acids, and corresponding N-Methyl amino acids, and

wherein the peptide molecule comprises a thioether bond between Xaa 4 and Xaa 10 .

2. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methyl-benzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is selected from the group consisting of: N-Me-Arg, Arg, N-Me-Lys, Phe (4-quanidino), Phe(4-carbamoyl amino), Cit, Phe(4-NH2), N-Me-Homo-Arg, Homo-Arg, Tyr and His;

Xaa 6 is Ser, Gly, Thr or Ile;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is selected from the group consisting of: Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, hLeu, Nle, and Val;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of: Leu, Nle, Cpa, Cba, HomoLeu, Aoc, and N-Me-Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys; and

Xaa 11 is absent or selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Phe(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Phe (2-carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Sar, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is absent or selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, homoGlu, Asp, D-homoGlu, D-Asp, Gla, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, corresponding D-amino acid, and isosteres;

Xaa 13 is absent or any amino acid; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

3. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser, Gly, Thr, or Ile;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is selected from the group consisting of: Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, hLeu and Nle;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of: Leu, Nle, Cpa, Cba, HomoLeu, Aoc, and N-Me-Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Ser, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and any substituted aromatic amino acid and corresponding D-amino acids;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, homoGlu, Asp, D-Asp, D-homoGlu, Gla, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, corresponding D-amino acid and isosteres;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

4. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser, Gly, Thr, or Ile;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is selected from the group consisting of: Thr, Val, Ile, Leu, hLeu and Nle;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of: Leu, Nle, Cpa, Cba, HomoLeu, Aoc, and N-Me-Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, homoGlu, Asp, D-Asp, D-homoGlu, Gla, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, corresponding D-amino acid and isosteres;

Xaa 13 is absent or any amino acid; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

5. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of: Leu, Nle, Cpa, Cba, HomoLeu, Aoc, and N-Me-Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is absent or selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, homoGlu, Asp, D-Asp, D-homoGlu, Gla, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, corresponding D-amino acid and isosteres;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

6. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is selected from the group consisting of: Leu, Nle, Cpa, Cba, HomoLeu, Aoc, and N-Me-Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is absent or selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu;

Xaa 13 is absent; and, Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

7. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, beta-homo-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, corresponding D-amino acid and isosteres;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

8. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, and beta-homo-Glu;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

9. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), HomoPhe, N-Me-Phe, N-Me-Tyr, Dihydro Trp, Ile, Leu, Arg, Thr, Sar, Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and Ser;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, and beta-homo-Glu;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

10. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

Xaa 1 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 2 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 3 is absent or any amino acid;

Xaa 4 is a 2-methylbenzoyl moiety capable of forming a thioether bond with Xaa 10 ;

Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg;

Xaa 6 is Ser;

Xaa 7 is Asp or D-Asp;

Xaa 8 is Thr or Val;

Xaa 9 is Leu;

Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys;

Xaa 11 is selected from the group consisting of: Trp, Phe, 2-Nal, 1-Nal, Tyr, His, Phe(4-F), Phe(4-CF3), Phe (4-CH3), Phe (4-tBu), Bip, Phe(4-COOH), Gly, 3,3-DiPhenylGly, 3,3 diPhenyl Ala, Tic, b-homo-Trp, D-1-Nal, D-2-Nal, Phe(2,4-diCl), Phe(3,4-diCl), Pge(4-carbomyl), Phe(3-Carbomyl), Tyr(Me), Bpa, Phe(3-Me), Phe(2-Me), Phe(2-CF3), β-Me-Phe, and HomoPhe;

Xaa 12 is selected from the group consisting of: any aromatic amino acid, Glu, D-Glu, N-Me-Glu, N-Me-Asp, alpha-H-Glu, and beta-homo-Glu;

Xaa 13 is absent; and

Xaa 14 is any amino acid.

11. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein Xaa 1 , Xaa 2 and Xaa 3 are absent.

12. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg.

13. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein Xaa 14 is selected from the group consisting of: Lys, D-Lys, N-Me-Lys, D-N-Me-Lys, Orn, Dab, Dap, Homo-Lys, D-Dap, D-Dab, Cys, HomoCys, Pen, or D-Orn.

14. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein Xaa 4 is a 2-methyl benzoyl moiety that forms a thioether bond with Xaa 10 , Xaa 5 is N-Me-Arg, Xaa 6 is Ser, Xaa 7 is Asp, Xaa 8 is Thr, Xaa 9 is Leu, and Xaa 10 is Pen, Cys, D-Cys or HomoCys.

15. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein Xaa 14 is selected from the group consisting of: D-Lys, N-Me-Lys, and D-N-Me-Lys.

16. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , further comprising a terminal modifying group selected from the group consisting of DIG, PEG4, PEG13, PEG25, PEG1K, PEG2K, PEG4K, PEG5K, Polyethylene glycol having molecular weight from 400 Da to 40,000 Da, IDA, Ac-IDA, ADA, Glutaric acid, Isophthalic acid, 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid, AADA, suitable aliphatic acids, suitable aromatic acids, and heteroaromatic acids.

17. The peptide molecule of claim 1 , wherein the peptide molecule is a dimer comprising two peptide molecules of claim 1 dimerized by a linker.

18. The peptide molecule of claim 17 , wherein the linker is selected from the group consisting of: DIG, PEG4, PEG4-biotin, PEG13, PEG25, PEG1K, PEG2K, PEG3.4K, PEG4K, PEG5K, IDA, ADA, Boc-IDA, Glutaric acid, Isophthalic acid, 1,3-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,4-phenylenediacetic acid, 1,2-phenylenediacetic acid, Triazine, Boc-Triazine, IDA-biotin, PEG4-Biotin, AADA, suitable aliphatics, aromatics, heteroaromatics, and polyethylene glycol based linkers having a molecular weight from approximately 400 Da to approximately 40,000 Da.

19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a peptide molecule of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.

20. A method for treating a disease or condition that is associated with a biological function of integrin α4β7, the method comprising providing to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of the peptide molecule of claim 1 or pharmaceutical composition of claim 19 , wherein the disease or condition is selected from the group consisting of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), adult IBD, pediatric IBD, adolescent IBD, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, Celiac disease (nontropical Sprue), enteropathy associated with seronegative arthropathies, microscopic colitis, collagenous colitis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, pouchitis resulting after proctocolectomy and ileoanal anastomosis, gastrointestinal cancer, pancreatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, mastitis, cholecystitis, cholangitis, pericholangitis, chronic bronchitis, chronic sinusitis, asthma, primary sclerosing cholangitis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the GI tract, eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic esophagitis, gastritis, colitis, microscopic colitis and graft versus host disease (GVDH).

21. The peptide molecule of claim 17 , wherein the linker is bound to the C-termini of the two peptide molecules of claim 1 .

22. The peptide molecule of claim 17 , wherein the linker is bound to the N-termini of the two peptide molecules of claim 1 .