Strain monitoring system and apparatus
A system for monitoring strain as an indicator of biological conditions, such as spinal fusion, glucose levels, spinal loading, and heart rate. The system includes an inter-digitated capacitor sensor, and RF transmitter, and an associated antenna, all of which are microminiature or microscopic in size and can be implanted in a biological host such as a human or animal. An inductively coupled power supply is also employed to avoid the need for implantation of chemical batteries. Power is provided to the sensor and transmitter, and data is transmitted from the sensor, when an external receiving device, such as a handheld RF ID type receiver, is placed proximate the location of the implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply. The implanted sensor, transmitter and inductively coupled power supply can be left in place permanently or removed when desired.
1. A strain sensor apparatus configured for implantation into a biological host for detecting strain, the strain sensor apparatus comprising:
a plurality of free-standing, inter-digitated fingers arranged to form an area variation inter-digitated capacitor having a capacitance, the plurality of fingers configured to be coupled to a surface in a configuration to allow movement with bending of the surface, wherein the inter-digitated capacitor is configured to change its capacitance as a result of a change in area defined between fingers of the plurality of fingers due to lateral movement of the plurality of fingers;
a transmitter coupled to the inter-digitated capacitor; and
an antenna coupled to the transmitter, each of the inter-digitated capacitor, the transmitter, and the antenna being configured for implantation in a biological host.
2. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein lateral movement of the plurality of fingers and the change in capacitance are linearly related.
3. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the inter-digitated capacitor has a sensitivity of 10 −14 F.
4. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the inter-digitated capacitor is disposed in a housing.
5. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter includes:
a voltage controlled oscillator; and
a radio frequency power amplifier.
6. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the voltage controlled oscillator is a ring oscillator.
7. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter has an operating frequency of 100 GHz.
8. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transmitter is at least one of a frequency modulation transmitter or a radio frequency transmitter.
9. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the antenna is a microstrip antenna.
10. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 9 , wherein the microstrip antenna includes:
a conducting ground plane;
a low-loss dielectric substrate positioned on the ground plane; and
a metallic patch positioned on the dielectric substrate.
11. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a power supply configured for inductive coupling to a power source, the power supply being coupled to the plurality of fingers and the transmitter, wherein the power supply is configured for implantation in a biological host.
12. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 11 , wherein the power supply includes:
an inductive coil;
a rectifier coupled to the inductive coil; and
a regulator coupled to the rectifier.
13. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:
a first base having a first set of fingers of the plurality of fingers extending therefrom; and
a second base laterally spaced from and in parallel alignment with the first base, the second base having a second set of fingers of the plurality of fingers extending therefrom.
14. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein a distance between a tip of each finger of the first set of fingers and the first base is 50 micrometers.
15. The strain sensor apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein a length of each finger of the plurality of fingers is 200 micrometers or less.