Electroinitiated polymerization of compositions having a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound

1. A method of initiating polymerization comprising:

contacting a polymerizable composition with a substrate, the polymerizable composition comprising one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds; and

passing an electrical charge through the polymerizable composition to initiate polymerization; and

wherein the polymerizable composition undergoes living anionic polymerization after polymerization is initiated.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds are selected from the group consisting of methylene malonates, methylene β-ketoesters, methylene β-diketones, dialkyl disubstituted vinyls, dihaloalkyl disubstituted vinyls, monofunctional, difunctional or multifunctional monomers, oligomers, or polymers thereof, and combinations thereof.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds comprise one or more of diethyl methylene malonate, fenchyl methyl methylene malonate, methylmethoxy ethyl methylene malonate, hexyl methyl methylene malonate, and dibutyl methylene malonate.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition is substantially free of a solvent.

5. A method of initiating polymerization comprising:

contacting a polymerizable composition with a substrate, the polymerizable composition comprising one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds and one or more conductive synergists selected from the group of non-nucleophilic conductive materials; and

passing an electrical charge through the polymerizable composition to initiate polymerization; and

wherein the one or more conductive synergists reduce the set time of the polymerizable composition to about 20 minutes or less once polymerization is initiated.

6. A method of initiating polymerization comprising:

contacting a polymerizable composition with a substrate, the polymerizable composition comprising one or more 1,1-disubstituted alkene compounds and one or more acid stabilizers and one or more free radical stabilizers, and wherein the one or more acid stabilizers and the one or more free radical stabilizers are included in a ratio of about 10:100 to a ratio of 10:1,000 or more; and

passing an electrical charge through the polymerizable composition to initiate polymerization.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical charge is provided by one or more of an electrochemical charge, direct current, alternating current, and an electron beam.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the electrical charge comprises about 30 volts or more and about 1 amp or more.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition is an adhesive, and the polymerizable composition has a tensile shear strength of about 800 psi to about 2,500 psi when cured.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition electrografts to the conductive substrate.

11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition has an impact resistance of about 6 J/in 2 to about 7 J/in 2 .

12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of quenching polymerization before curing of the polymerization composition has been reached by adding a weak acid.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductive substrate comprises one or more of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, metal alloy, conductive polymer, polymer composites containing conductive materials, or graphite.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable composition is disposed between the conductive substrate and a second conductive substrate; and

wherein the electrical charge is passed through the first conductive substrate to the second conductive substrate.

15. The method of claim 5 , wherein the polymerizable composition is substantially free of a solvent.

16. The method of claim 5 , wherein the polymerizable composition electrografts to the conductive substrate.

17. The method of claim 5 , wherein the conductive substrate comprises one or more of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, metal alloy, conductive polymer, polymer composites containing conductive materials, or graphite.

18. The method of claim 6 , wherein the polymerizable composition is substantially free of a solvent.

19. The method of claim 6 , wherein the polymerizable composition electrografts to the conductive substrate.

20. The method of claim 6 , wherein the conductive substrate comprises one or more of aluminum, steel, stainless steel, copper, brass, metal alloy, conductive polymer, polymer composites containing conductive materials, or graphite.