Heavy metal removal
The method of capturing gaseous heavy metals disclosed herein includes exposing a stream of vapor including the gaseous heavy metals to a reactor bed of carbon (C) and aluminum (Al) in the form of pellets and granules. The gaseous heavy metals include mercury (Hg), mercury oxide (HgxOy), and other heavy metals in ionized or oxidized form.
1. A method of capturing gaseous heavy metals, the method comprising:
generating smoke by vaporizing waste material in a pyrolysis chamber;
oxidizing the smoke in a plasma chamber to generate a stream of vapor including the gaseous heavy metals; and
exposing the stream of vapor including the gaseous heavy metals to a reactor bed of carbon (C) and aluminum (Al) in the form of pellets, ribbons or granules.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous heavy metals includes at least one of mercury (Hg) and a mercury oxide (Hg x O y ).
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the stream of vapor further comprises at least one of arsenic (As), Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), beryllium (Be), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), radium (Ra), selenium (Se) and an oxide of at least one of the As, Cd, Pb, Be, Cr, Mn, Ra, and Se.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises Al in the form of aluminum foam having a porosity of 40% to 99%.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the stream of vapor further comprises exposing the stream of vapor to multiple alternating layers of C and Al.
6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
exposing the stream of vapor to the reactor bed at a flow rate of at least 1 SCFM.
7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
exposing the stream of vapor to the reactor bed at a flow rate within a temperature range of 50 F and 2000 F.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises Al in the form of ribbons.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises Al in the form of ribbons having surface area of at least 1 m^2/g to 1000 m^2/g.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises Al in the form of ribbons having porosity in the range of 1% to 40%.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises C in the form of granules having surface area of at least 100 m^2/g to 5000 m^2/g.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises C in the form of at least one of granules, pellets, fiber, powder, and extruded carbon.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor bed further comprises C in the form of agglomerates.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing a stream of vapor further comprises exposing a stream of vapor to the reactor bed for at least 3 seconds.
15. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exposing the stream of vapor to the reactor bed within a pressure range of 0.1 to 10 psi.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor bed comprises Al in the form of Al membrane having a porosity of 10% to 99%.
17. A system for removing heavy metals, the system comprising:
a reaction vessel configured to receive a stream of vapor from its vertically top end and to release the vapor from its bottom end; and
a plurality of media layers configured within the reaction vessel, the plurality of media layers including one or more mixture layers including a combination of aluminum and carbon granules and one or more aluminum ribbon layers, wherein the one or more mixture layers and the one or more aluminum ribbon layers are arranged alternatively along the vertical length of the reaction vessel.
18. The system of claim 17 , wherein the stream of vapor contains one or more heavy metal particulates and oxides or the one or more heavy metal particulates.
19. The system of claim 18 , further comprising a blower configured to force the stream of vapor comprising heavy metal particles into the reaction vessel at a predetermined pressure level.
20. The system of claim 17 , further comprising a support mechanism located at the bottom end of the reaction vessel, the support mechanism configured to support the media layers.
21. The system of claim 20 , wherein the support mechanism comprises a stainless steel wool on top of a filter.
22. The system of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of media layers is configured to cause pressure within the reaction vessel to drop a maximum of 1-2 psi from near the top end of the reaction vessel to the bottom end of the reaction vessel.
23. The system of claim 17 , wherein the reaction vessel is configured to expose the stream of vapor to the plurality of media layers at a flow rate of at least 1 SCFM.
24. The system of claim 17 , wherein the reaction vessel is made of at least one of iron and stainless steel.
25. The system of claim 17 , wherein the reaction vessel is configured to expand the stream of vapor to at least 2-5 times as the stream of vapor enters the reaction vessel.
26. The system of claim 17 , wherein the plurality of media layers comprises layers including different ratios of Al and C within a range of 9:1 Al:C to 1:9 Al:C.
27. A method of capturing gaseous heavy metals from a vapor stream, the method comprising:
exposing the vapor stream including the gaseous heavy metals to a reactor bed of alternating layers of carbon (C) and aluminum (Al), the Al layer comprising Al ribbons.
28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the C layer comprises a mixture of C and Al pellets, ribbons or granules.