Stretchable conductive composites for use in soft devices
An elastically-deformable, conductive composite using elastomers and conductive fibers and simple fabrication procedures is provided. Conductive elastomeric composites offer low resistance to electrical current and are elastic over large (>25%) extensional strains. They can be easily interfaced/built into structures fabricated from elastomeric polymers.
1. A conductive elastomeric composite, comprising:
a plurality of conductive fibers embedded in an elastomeric substrate providing a conductive pathway in the composite;
wherein the conductive fibers have a majority fiber axis and the majority fiber axis defines a first conductive pathway in the composite, wherein at least some of the conductive fibers have a length sufficient to span the first conductive pathway and at least some of the conductive fibers have ends that are exposed to provide electrical contact;
wherein the composite is flexible, stretchable and exhibits anisotropic mechanical and electrical properties; and
wherein the composite exhibits a reduction in resistance as the composite is stretched in a direction perpendicular to the majority fiber axis for current applied in the same direction.
2. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers comprise a bundled assembly of non-woven or non-braided or non-cabled metal fibers.
3. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers comprise carbon fibers.
4. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers comprise conductive polymer fibers.
5. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers are selected from the group of metal filaments, carbon filaments, woven wire mats, helical wire coils, and wires bundled at the ends and fanned out in between.
6. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers comprise metal wool.
7. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein a conductive pathway transverse to the first conductive pathway has a lower conductivity than that of the first conductive pathway.
8. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers have a length in the range of 1 mm to 100 cm.
9. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive fibers have a diameter in the range of 0.5 μm to 500 μm.
10. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric substrate is a sheet or membrane and the majority fiber axis traverses the thickness of the substrate.
11. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 10 , wherein the composite is in the form of a disk and the disk is configured to provide electrical contact to an electrical component.
12. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric substrate is a sheet or membrane and the majority fiber axis is in the plane of the sheet or membrane.
13. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the elastomeric substrate is a molded article and the majority fiber axis defines a linear or non-linear conductive pathway between two or more locations of the elastomeric substrate.
14. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive pathway has a resistivity in the range from about 10 −8 to 10 Ohm·m or about 10 −6 to 1 Ohm·m, or about 10 −5 to 10 −2 Ohm·m at 20° C.
15. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive pathway is electrically connected to an external power source.
16. The conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 , wherein the conductive pathway is electrically connected to an electrical component selected from lights sensors, indicators, actuators, nitinol actuators, electroactive polymer actuators, switches, capacitors, resistors, transistors, displays, force sensors, touch sensors, flow sensors, pressure sensors, range finders, shear sensors, temperature sensors, cameras, light emitting diodes, zener diodes, batteries, electro pneumatic transducers, haptic touch screens, microcontrollers, operational amplifiers, strain gauges, pneumatic, vacuum or hydraulic pumps, solenoid valves, speakers, microphones, or heating elements.
17. A soft robot comprising the conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 to provide an electrical connection.
18. A strain gauge comprising the conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 .
19. A switch comprising the conductive elastomeric composite of claim 1 .