Diatomaceous energy storage devices
An energy storage device can include a cathode having a first plurality of frustules, where the first plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having an oxide of manganese. The energy storage device can include an anode comprising a second plurality of frustules, where the second plurality of frustules can include nanostructures having zinc oxide. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include an oxide of manganese. A frustule can have a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, where the plurality of nanostructures can include zinc oxide. An electrode for an energy storage device includes a plurality of frustules, where each of the plurality of frustules can have a plurality of nanostructures formed on at least one surface.
1. An energy storage device comprising:
a cathode comprising a first plurality of frustules, the first plurality of frustules comprises nanostructures comprising an oxide of manganese; and
an anode comprising a second plurality of frustules, the second plurality of frustules comprises nanostructures comprising zinc oxide.
2. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises MnO.
3. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises at least one of Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 , and MnOOH.
4. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first plurality of frustules comprises a ratio of a mass of the oxide of manganese to a mass of the at least one frustule of 1:20 to 20:1.
5. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the second plurality of frustules comprises a ratio of a mass of the zinc oxide to a mass of the at least one frustule of 1:20 to 20:1.
6. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the anode further comprises an electrolyte salt.
7. The energy storage device of claim 6 , wherein the electrolyte salt comprises a zinc salt.
8. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises carbon nanotubes.
9. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the cathode and the anode further comprises a conductive filler.
10. The energy storage device of claim 9 , wherein the conductive filler comprises graphite.
11. The energy storage device of claim 1 , further comprising a separator between the cathode and the anode, wherein the separator comprises a third plurality of frustules.
12. The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein the third plurality of frustules comprises substantially no surface modifications.
13. The energy storage device of claim 11 , wherein at least one of the cathode, the anode, and the separator comprises an ionic liquid.
14. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the device is a rechargeable battery.
15. The energy storage device of claim 1 , wherein the first plurality of frustules comprises a first plurality of pores substantially not occluded by the nanostructures comprising the oxide of manganese, and wherein the second plurality of frustules comprises a second plurality of pores substantially not occluded by the nanostructures comprising the zinc oxide.
16. A frustule comprising a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises zinc oxide, wherein a ratio of a mass of the plurality of nanostructures to a mass of the frustule is 1:1 to 20:1.
17. The frustule of claim 16 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises at least one of nanowires, nanoplates, dense nanoparticles, nanobelts, and nanodisks.
18. The frustule of claim 16 , wherein the frustule comprises a plurality of pores substantially not occluded by the plurality of nanostructures.
19. A frustule comprising a plurality of nanostructures on at least one surface, wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises an oxide of manganese, wherein a ratio of a mass of the plurality of nanostructures to a mass of the frustule is 1:1 to 20:1.
20. The frustule of claim 19 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises MnO.
21. The frustule of claim 19 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises Mn 3 O 4 .
22. The frustule of claim 19 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises at least one of Mn 2 O 3 and MnOOH.
23. The frustule of claim 19 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises at least one of nanowires, nanoplates, dense nanoparticles, nanobelts, and nanodisks.
24. The frustule of claim 19 , wherein the frustule comprises a plurality of pores substantially not occluded by the plurality of nanostructures.
25. An electrode of an energy storage device, the electrode comprising:
a plurality of frustules, wherein each of the plurality of frustules comprises a plurality of nanostructures formed on at least one surface, wherein at least one of the plurality of frustules comprises a ratio of a mass of the plurality of nanostructures to a mass of the at least one frustule of 1:20 to 20:1.
26. The electrode of claim 25 , wherein the electrode is an anode of the energy storage device.
27. The electrode of claim 26 , wherein the anode further comprises an electrolyte salt.
28. The electrode of claim 27 , wherein the electrolyte salt comprises a zinc salt.
29. The electrode claim 26 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises zinc oxide.
30. The electrode claim 25 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises at least one of nanowires, nanoplates, dense nanoparticles, nanobelts, and nanodisks.
31. The electrode of claim 25 , wherein the electrode is a cathode of the energy storage device.
32. The electrode of claim 31 , wherein the plurality of nanostructures comprises an oxide of manganese.
33. The electrode of claim 32 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises MnO.
34. The electrode of claim 32 , wherein the oxide of manganese comprises at least one of Mn 3 O 4 , Mn 2 O 3 and MnOOH.
35. The electrode of claim 25 , further comprising carbon nanotubes.
36. The electrode of claim 25 , further comprising a conductive filler.
37. The electrode of claim 36 , wherein the conductive filler comprises graphite.
38. The electrode of claim 25 , further comprising an ionic liquid.
39. The electrode of claim 25 , wherein each of the plurality of frustules comprises a plurality of pores substantially not occluded by the plurality of nanostructures.