System and method of generating electricity from the salinization of freshwater
A system and method of generating electricity from the salinization of freshwater is provided. In one embodiment, the diffusion of cations and anions from saline to freshwater is rapidly alternated in order to generate electrical power in the form of alternating current. To create pathways for the rapidly alternating diffusion of cations and anions, rhodopsins (light-activated ion channels and pumps) are expressed in bacteria that are growing as a biofilm on a membrane that separates the saline and freshwater. Illumination of the biofilm with blue light permits cation diffusion through cation-permeable channelrhodopsins. Illumination of the biofilm with yellow light permits diffusion of anions through halorhodopsins.
1. A system for generating electricity from the salinization of freshwater, the system comprising:
a first electrode in saline;
a second electrode in freshwater;
a biofilm forming a membrane separating the saline and the freshwater; and
a light source configured to illuminate the biofilm with alternating yellow and blue light,
wherein the biofilm includes bacteria configured to express rhodopsins in a membrane of the bacteria whereby ions diffuse primarily through the bacteria from the saline to the fresh water in response to exposure to the alternating yellow and blue light.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the expressed rhodopsins include channelrhodopsins and halorhodopsins.
3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the bacteria are further capable of expressing ClC-2.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the expressed rhodopsins include channelrhodopsins and halorhodopsin mutants forming a light-gated Cl channel.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm includes E. coli bacteria.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the biofilm includes archaebacteria.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the saline includes seawater.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the freshwater includes at least one of river water and wastewater.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the light source includes at least one light emitting diode (LED).
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode include Ag/AgCl or Ru/Ir.
11. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a load attached to the first electrode.
12. A method of generating electricity from the salinization of freshwater, the method comprising:
separating saline and freshwater with a membrane, the membrane comprising a biofilm;
providing a first electrode in the saline and a second electrode in the freshwater; and
alternately illuminating the biofilm with yellow and blue light,
wherein the biofilm includes bacteria configured to express rhodopsins in a membrane of the bacteria whereby ions diffuse primarily through the bacteria from the saline to the fresh water in response to exposure to the alternating yellow and blue light.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the expressed rhodopsins include channelrhodopsins and halorhodopsins.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the bacteria are further capable of expressing ClC-2.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the expressed rhodopins include channelrhodopsins and halorhodopsin mutants forming a light-gated Cl channel.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the biofilm includes E. coli bacteria.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the biofilm includes archaebacteria.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the saline includes seawater.
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the freshwater includes at least one of river water and wastewater.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the biofilm is alternately illuminated by at least one light emitting diode (LED).
21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode include Ag/AgCl or Ru/Ir.
22. The method of claim 12 , further comprising attaching a load to the first electrode.