Traps in the treatment of macular degeneration

1. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A and R are attached to adjacent carbon atoms on the phenyl ring, and together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a five-membered heteroaryl ring containing one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom, wherein the heteroaryl ring is substituted with X;

X is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy;

n 1 is 1 or 2;

T 1 is halogen; and

each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two D, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C 3 -C 6 carbocyclic ring or a saturated heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

wherein “*” denotes the position of the carbon atom to which the two D are attached.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

5. The compound of claim 4 , wherein each D is methyl.

6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n 1 is 1.

7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl, or C 1 -C 6 alkoxy;

n 1 is 1 or 2;

each T 1 is independently F or Cl; and

each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two D, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C 3 -C 6 carbocyclic ring or a saturated heterocycle selected from

wherein “*” denotes the position of the carbon atom to which the two D are attached.

8. The compound of claim 7 , wherein X is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, aryl, or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl; each T 1 is independently F or Cl; and each D is methyl.

9. The compound of claim 8 , wherein X is aryl, aryl substituted with methyl, or cyclopropyl; n 1 is 1; and T 1 is Cl.

10. The compound of claim 9 , selected from the group consisting of:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The compound of claim 8 , selected from the group consisting of:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 1 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of:

and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

14. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A and R are attached to adjacent carbon atoms on the phenyl ring, and together with the two carbon atoms to which they are attached, form a five-membered heteroaryl ring containing one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom, wherein the heteroaryl ring is substituted with X;

X is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

n 1 is 1 or 2;

each T 1 is independently halogen, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or cyano; and

each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two D, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C 3 -C 6 carbocyclic ring or a saturated heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

wherein “*” denotes the position of the carbon atom to which the two D are attached.

15. The compound of claim 14 , wherein X is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

16. The compound of claim 14 , wherein X′ is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, or C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl.

17. The compound of claim 14 , wherein each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl.

18. The compound of claim 17 , wherein each D is methyl.

19. The compound of claim 14 , wherein n 1 is 1.

20. The compound of claim 14 , wherein T 1 is halogen.

21. The compound of claim 14 , wherein the compound is of formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

X is C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl;

n 1 is 1 or 2;

each T 1 is independently F, Cl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl substituted with C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or cyano; and

each D is independently C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or two D, together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a C 3 -C 6 carbocyclic ring or a saturated heterocycle selected from

wherein “*” denotes the position of the carbon atom to which the two D are attached.

22. The compound of claim 21 , wherein X is C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl, or aryl substituted with C 1 -C 6 alkyl; each T 1 is independently F, Cl, methyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyano; and each D is methyl.

23. The compound of claim 22 , wherein X is aryl substituted with methyl or cyclopropyl; n 1 is 1; and T 1 is Cl.

24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof of claim 14 , and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.