Viral nanoparticle multimers
Virus particle multimers and methods of making and using such virus particle multimer are described. Virus particle multimers are constructed by preparing a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles bearing one or more functional groups and contacting the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles with a first linker molecule that reacts with the functional groups to form a virus particle multimer that includes a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles connected by the linker molecule. The asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are typically prepared by attaching the virus particles to a support surface to allow asymmetrical functionalization to be introduced.
1. A method of making a virus particle multimer, comprising preparing a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles bearing one or more functional groups that are disposed asymmetrically and contacting the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles with a first linker molecule that reacts with the functional groups to form a virus particle multimer comprising a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles connected by the linker molecule, wherein the one or more asymmetrically disposed functional groups inhibit additional cluster formation and aggregation of the virus particles, wherein the plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are prepared by a method comprising the step of attaching a plurality of virus particles to a support surface to allow for asymmetrical functionalization of the virus particles and releasing the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles from the support surface to provide a plurality of unbound asymmetrically functionalized virus particles, and wherein the step of preparing a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized virus particles is performed at about physiological pH.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are prepared by chemically converting a portion of reactive sites on the virus particles to functional groups to form functionalized virus particles, attaching the functionalized virus particles to the support surface through reaction of one or more of the functional groups to attachment sites on the support surface, blocking the functional groups distal from the attachment sites with a passivating agent, and releasing the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles from the support surface to provide a plurality of unbound asymmetrically functionalized virus particles.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are prepared by attaching a plurality of virus particles to attachment sites on the support surface through one or more reactive sites, chemically converting a portion of the remaining reactive sites on the virus particles to functional groups to form asymmetrically functionalized virus particles, and releasing the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles from the support surface to provide a plurality of unbound asymmetrically functionalized virus particles.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functional groups of the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are attached to the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles through a second linker.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the asymmetrically functionalized virus particles are further prepared by attaching a plurality of second linker molecules including a functional group to attachment sites on a support surface, reacting a plurality of virus particles with the second linker molecules, and cleaving the second linker molecules to provide a plurality of unbound asymmetrically functionalized virus particles, wherein the second linker molecules are homobifunctional maleimide polyethylene glycol (PEG) linkers.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the virus particles are plant virus particles.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multimer is a dimer.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first linker molecule is a bifunctional linker.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first linker molecule is a multifunctional linker.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the virus particles are Cow Pea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) virus particles.
11. A method of making a CPMV virus particle multimer, comprising preparing a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles bearing one or more functional groups that are disposed asymmetrically and contacting the asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles with a first linker molecule that reacts with the functional groups to form a 3D virus particle multimer mesoscale assembly comprising a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles connected by the linker molecule, wherein the one or more asymmetrically disposed functional groups inhibit additional cluster formation and aggregation of the CPMV virus particles, wherein the plurality of asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles are prepared by a method comprising the step of attaching a plurality of CPMV virus particles to a support surface to allow for asymmetrical functionalization of the CPMV virus particles and releasing the asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles from the support surface to provide a plurality of unbound asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles, and wherein the step of preparing a plurality of asymmetrically functionalized CPMV virus particles is performed at about physiological pH.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first linker molecule is a homobifunctional PEG maleimide linker.
13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first linker molecule is a PEG maleimide multifunctional linker.