Scanning electron microscope

1. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment, the scanning electron microscope comprising:

an electron source located within an enclosure maintained under vacuum;

an electron permeable membrane disposed at an opening of said enclosure separating an environment within said enclosure which is maintained under vacuum and an environment outside said enclosure which is not maintained under vacuum, said electron permeable membrane not being electrically grounded; and

at least one non-grounded electrode operative as an electron detector.

2. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment, the scanning electron microscope comprising:

an electron source located within an enclosure maintained under vacuum;

an electron permeable membrane disposed at an opening of said enclosure separating an environment within said enclosure which is maintained under vacuum and an environment outside said enclosure which is not maintained under vacuum; and

at least one non-grounded electrode operative as a support for said electron permeable membrane and functioning as part of an electron detector.

3. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment, the scanning electron microscope comprising:

an electron source located within an enclosure maintained under vacuum;

an electron permeable membrane disposed at an opening of said enclosure separating an environment within said enclosure which is maintained under vacuum and an environment outside said enclosure which is not maintained under vacuum;

a first non-grounded electrode operative as a support for said electron permeable membrane and functioning as part of an electron detector; and

a second non-grounded electrode operative associated with a sample support and functioning as part of an electron detector,

a volume generally between said first and second electrodes generally being maintained at a positive pressure of less than 2 atmospheres.

4. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment, the scanning electron microscope comprising:

an electron source located within an enclosure maintained under vacuum;

an electron permeable membrane disposed at an opening of said enclosure separating an environment within said enclosure which is maintained under vacuum and an environment outside said enclosure which is not maintained under vacuum;

an ionized gas generator operative to provide an ionized gas in said environment outside said enclosure; and

at least one non-grounded electrode operative as an electron detector.

5. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 1 and also comprising an ionized gas generator operative to provide an ionized gas in said environment outside said enclosure.

6. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 4 and wherein said ionized gas forms a plasma.

7. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 4 and wherein said ionized gas generator comprises at least one of an RF coil and an ionizing light source.

8. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 4 and wherein said ionized gas generator comprises a humidifier.

9. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 4 and wherein said ionized gas comprises humidified helium gas.

10. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 9 and wherein said humidified helium gas has a relative humidity of at least 30% at 20° C.

11. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 9 and wherein said humidified helium gas has a relative humidity of at least 50% at 20° C.

12. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 9 and wherein said humidified helium gas has a relative humidity of at least 90% at 20° C.

13. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 1 and wherein said at least one non-grounded electrode forms part of a support for said electron permeable membrane.

14. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 1 and wherein said at least one non-grounded electrode is associated with a sample support.

15. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 1 and wherein said at least one non-grounded electrode is coupled to at least one of a current source and a voltage source.

16. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 1 and wherein said electron detector comprises at least one of a current amplifier and at least one Source Measuring Unit (SMU).

17. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 2 and also comprising at least one additional non-grounded electrode associated with a sample support and functioning as part of an electron detector.

18. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 17 and wherein at least one of said at least one non-grounded electrode and said at least one additional non-grounded electrode is coupled to at least one of a current source and a voltage source.

19. A scanning electron microscope suitable for imaging samples in a non-vacuum environment according to claim 3 and wherein at least one of said first non-grounded electrode and said second non-grounded electrode is coupled to at least one of a current source and a voltage source.