Electrochromic devices and related products and methods

1. An electrochromic device, comprising:

a stack of film layers that is switchable between a reflective state and a transparent state through application of electrical potential across the stack, the stack comprising at least the following layers listed in relative order within the stack:

lithium ion storage layer;

ion conductor layer;

electrically conductive transparent metallic layer; and

a second electrically conductive transparent layer disposed on a side of the lithium ion storage layer opposite the ion conductor layer;

wherein, when the stack is switched from the transparent state to the reflective state, lithium ions move from the lithium ion storage layer into the ion conductor layer and a reflective feature forms adjacent the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer; and

when the stack is switched from the reflective state to the transparent state, the reflective feature is removed and lithium ions move from the ion conductor layer into the lithium ion storage layer;

when the stack is in the transparent state, the stack consists essentially of only the following layers disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the second electrically conductive transparent layer: the lithium ion storage layer and the ion conductor layer;

the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 50 percent;

when the stack is in the transparent state, the stack has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 40 percent through a portion of the stack including the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer, the second electrically conductive transparent layer and all layers of the stack disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the second electrically conductive transparent layer; and

when the stack is in the reflective state, the stack has transmissivity of visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of no greater than 20 percent through the said portion of the stack.

2. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective feature includes lithium metal.

3. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the reflective feature is disposed at least in part in a portion of the ion conductor layer adjacent the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer.

4. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein when the stack is in the transparent state, the ion conductor layer adjoins the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer.

5. An electrochromic device according to claim 2 , wherein when the stack is in the reflective state, the reflective lithium metal feature adjoins the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer.

6. An electrochromic device according to claim 2 , wherein when the stack is in the reflective state, the portion of the stack including the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the lithium ion storage layer the stack is essentially free of any metallic component other than lithium metal.

7. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein when the stack is in the reflective state, the stack consists essentially of only the following disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the lithium ion storage layer: the ion conductor layer and the reflective feature.

8. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein when the stack is in the transparent state, the stack is essentially in the absence of any layer disposed between the ion conductor layer and the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer.

9. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the second electrically conductive transparent layer comprises a transparent conducting oxide or a transparent metallic material.

10. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein;

the reflective state is a first reflective state and the stack is switchable between the first reflective state, the transparent state and a second reflective state through application of electrical potential across the stack, the second reflective state being less reflective than the first reflective state;

when the stack is in the transparent state the stack has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 40 percent and transmissivity to infrared light at a wavelength of 1250 nm of at least 40 percent through the portion of the stack including the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer, the second electrically conductive transparent layer and all layers of the stack disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the second electrically conductive transparent layer;

when the stack is in the first reflective state, the stack has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of not greater than 20 percent and transmissivity to infrared light at a wavelength of 1250 nm of not greater than 20 percent through the portion of the stack including the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer, the second electrically conductive transparent layer and all layers of the stack disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the second electrically conductive transparent layer

when the stack is in the second reflective state the stack has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 40 percent and transmissivity to infrared light at a wavelength of 1250 nm of not greater than 20 percent through the portion of the stack including the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer, the second electrically conductive transparent layer and all layers of the stack disposed between the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer and the second electrically conductive transparent layer.

11. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein;

the reflective state is a first reflective state and the stack is switchable between the first reflective state, the transparent state and a second reflective state through application of electrical potential across the stack, the second reflective state being less reflective than the first reflective state;

when the stack is in the second reflective state, the stack has a reflectance to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm incident upon the reflective feature of no more than 50 percent and a reflectance of infrared light at a wavelength of 1250 nm incident upon the reflective feature of at least 70 percent; and

when the stack is in the first reflective state, the stack has a reflectance to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 80 percent and a reflectance to infrared light at a wavelength of 1250 nm incident upon the reflective feature of at least 80 percent.

12. An electrochromic device according to claim 11 , wherein the stack is in the second reflective state in the absence of an applied electrical potential that will switch the stack out of the second reflective state.

13. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer comprises a metallic material including at least one member selected from the group consisting of nickel, a nickel-containing alloy, platinum and palladium.

14. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer has transmissivity to visible light at a wavelength of 550 nm of at least 60 percent.

15. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor layer comprises lithium phosphorous oxynitride or lithium aluminum fluoride, or wherein the lithium ion storage layer comprises lithium nickel tungsten oxide.

16. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 , wherein:

the reflective feature comprises a layer of lithium metal; and

the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer consists essentially of a metallic material selected from the group consisting of nickel metal, platinum metal, palladium metal and an alloy including at least one of nickel, platinum and palladium.

17. An electrochromic device according to claim 16 , wherein:

the ion conductor layer comprises lithium phosphorous oxynitride; and

the lithium ion storage layer comprises lithium nickel tungsten oxide.

18. An electrochromic device according to claim 1 wherein:

the reflective feature comprises a layer of lithium metal;

the electrically conductive transparent metallic layer comprises nickel metal or an alloy thereof;

the ion conductor layer comprises lithium phosphorous oxynitride; and

the lithium ion storage layer comprises lithium nickel tungsten oxide.