Pipe bending for reel-lay operations
A method and an apparatus bend a pipe to mitigate internal wrinkling, with particular benefit when bending a lined pipe upon spooling. Bending is performed continuously by advancing the pipe through a bending zone while an internal mandrel is held at the bending zone to resist wrinkling. In one variant, the mandrel includes longitudinally-spaced pipe-engaging elements and a tensile link between the elements allows relative movement between the elements. A hold-back connection on one of the elements applies hold-back force to that element to be transmitted to the other element via the tensile link. In another variant, the mandrel includes an elongate pipe-engaging body with a hold-back connection at one end of the body. The body is flexible to bend with the pipe and is shaped to engage an inner surface of the pipe along most of the length of the body.
1. A method of bending an elongate pipe continuously along a longitudinal axis of the pipe when spooling the pipe onto a reel, comprising:
advancing the pipe longitudinally through a bending zone where at least part of the pipe undergoes plastic deformation during bending along the longitudinal axis;
while the pipe advances through the bending zone, applying tension through an elongate tensile hold-back element that is anchored outside a trailing end of the pipe and extends internally along the pipe to hold an internal mandrel at the bending zone against frictional force arising between the internal mandrel and the pipe advancing past the internal mandrel; and
by means of the internal mandrel, resisting radially-inward deformation of an inner surface of the pipe with respect to the longitudinal axis during bending.
2. The method of claim 1 , comprising using an external mandrel to bend the pipe along the longitudinal axis at the bending zone.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the pipe is bent during spooling onto a reel that serves as the external mandrel.
4. The method of claim 1 , comprising attaching the hold-back element to the internal mandrel when the internal mandrel is inside the pipe.
5. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
pausing movement of the pipe through the bending zone;
detaching the hold-back element from the internal mandrel;
withdrawing the hold-back element from the pipe;
attaching an additional pipe section to a trailing end of the pipe;
inserting the hold-back element to extend internally along the additional pipe section and the pipe to the internal mandrel;
reattaching the hold-back element to the internal mandrel; and
resuming movement of the pipe through the bending zone.
6. The method of claim 5 , comprising aligning the pipe and the additional pipe section with an internal line-up clamp before attachment.
7. The method of claim 1 , comprising causing the internal mandrel to bend to match bending curvature of the pipe at the bending zone.
8. The method of claim 7 , comprising allowing or causing angular misalignment between longitudinally-spaced pipe-engaging elements of the internal mandrel by flexing or hinging of a link disposed between those elements.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the link acts in tension.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the internal mandrel bears against the inner surface of the pipe to resist radially-inward deformation of the inner surface of the pipe.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the internal mandrel applies radially-outward fluid pressure against the inner surface of the pipe to resist radially-inward deformation of the inner surface of the pipe.
12. The method of claim 11 , comprising exposing the inner surface of the pipe directly to a pressurised fluid confined by longitudinally-spaced seals of the internal mandrel that seal against the inner surface of the pipe.
13. The method of claim 12 , comprising bending the internal mandrel to conform to bending curvature of the pipe at the bending zone before pressurising the fluid mass.
14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the internal mandrel is filled with a substantially incompressible fluid mass and the fluid mass is pressurised in the internal mandrel after filling.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the fluid mass is confined in a pressure compartment of the internal mandrel and is pressurised by contracting the pressure compartment.
16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the fluid mass is caused to thicken or solidify when pressurised.
17. The method of claim 1 , comprising adjusting the longitudinal position of the internal mandrel relative to the bending zone as the pipe advances through the bending zone.
18. The method of claim 17 , comprising positioning the internal mandrel to encompass and extend longitudinally beyond the bending zone along the pipe.
19. The method of claim 1 , comprising equalising air pressure in the pipe ahead of and behind the internal mandrel by allowing air to flow through the internal mandrel.
20. The method of claim 1 , comprising measuring hold-back tension applied to the internal mandrel to detect excessive resistance to movement of the pipe past the internal mandrel and if such a condition is detected, generating an alarm or stopping movement of the pipe.
21. The method of claim 20 , comprising allowing the internal mandrel to move with the pipe while movement of the pipe stops.
22. A method of bending an elongate pipe continuously along a longitudinal axis of the pipe when spooling the pipe onto a reel, comprising:
providing a lined pipe suitable for use in transporting fluids in subsea installations;
advancing the lined pipe longitudinally through a bending zone where at least part of the lined pipe undergoes plastic deformation during bending along the longitudinal axis;
applying tension through an elongate tensile hold-back element that is anchored outside a trailing end of the lined pipe and extends internally along the lined pipe to hold an internal mandrel at the bending zone against frictional force arising between the internal mandrel and the lined pipe advancing past the internal mandrel while the lined pipe advances through the bending zone; and
resisting radially-inward deformation of an inner surface of the lined pipe with respect to the longitudinal axis during bending with use of the internal mandrel.