Microbial ecology shift assay

1. A method for determining the effects of an agent on microbiota of a first subject, the method comprising:

a) preparing a first reaction mixture that comprises a first portion of a sample from a first subject in contact with an agent and preparing a second reaction mixture that comprises a second portion of said sample, wherein said second reaction mixture does not comprise said agent,

wherein said agent is an antibiotic,

wherein said sample is from the gut of the first subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the first subject,

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the first subject, and

wherein the volumes of said first and second reaction mixtures are at most 1 milliliter (mL);

b) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from said first and second reaction mixtures;

c) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures;

d) performing a functionality assay on said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said functionality assay comprises a cell viability assay, a barrier function assay, or a cytokine assay;

e) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the results of the functionality assays on the first and second reaction mixtures; and

f) selecting said first subject and/or additional subjects for use of said agent in a method of treatment for a Clostridium difficile infection.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising using said agent to treat said Clostridium difficile infection in said first subject and/or said additional subjects.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first subject is of a different species than said additional subjects.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first subject and said additional subjects are human.

5. A method for determining the effects of an agent on microbiota of a subject, comprising:

a) preparing a first reaction mixture that comprises a first portion of a sample from a first subject in contact with an agent and a second reaction mixture that comprises a second portion of said sample and does not comprise said agent,

wherein said agent is an antibiotic,

wherein said sample is from the gut of the first subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the first subject, and

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the first subject;

b) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of at least 60 microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from said first and second reaction mixtures;

c) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said at least 60 microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures; and

d) selecting said first subject and/or additional subjects for use of said agent in a method of treatment for a Clostridium difficile infection.

6. A method for determining the effects of an agent on microbiota of a subject, comprising:

a) preparing a first reaction mixture that comprises a first portion of a sample from a first subject in contact with an agent and a second reaction mixture that comprises a second portion of said sample and does not comprise said agent,

wherein said agent is an antibiotic,

wherein said sample is from the gut of the first subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the first subject, and

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the first subject;

b) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from said first and second reaction mixtures, and

wherein the volumes of said first and second reaction mixtures are at most 1 milliliter (mL);

c) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures; and

d) selecting said first subject and/or additional subjects for use of said antibiotic agent in a method of treatment for a Clostridium difficile infection.

7. A method for screening test antibiotic agents for use in treatment of a Clostridium difficile infection, the method comprising:

a) preparing at least ten individual first reaction mixtures that each comprises an aliquot of a first portion of a sample from a first subject who has a Clostridium difficile infection, wherein said first portion in each individual reaction mixture is in contact with a chemically distinct test antibiotic agent and preparing a second reaction mixture that comprises a second portion of said sample and does not comprise said antibiotic agents,

wherein said sample is from the gut of the first subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the first subject,

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the first subject, and

wherein the volumes of said first reaction mixtures and said second reaction mixture are at most 1 milliliter (mL);

b) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from each of said first individual reaction mixtures and said second reaction mixture;

c) determining the effects of each of said test antibiotic agents on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa in said first and second reaction mixtures;

d) performing a functionality assay on each of said first individual reaction mixtures and said second reaction mixture, wherein said functionality assay comprises a cell viability assay, a barrier function assay, or a cytokine assay;

e) determining the effects of the each of said test antibiotic agents on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the results of the functionality assays on the first and second reaction mixtures; and

f) making a decision regarding the utility of each of said at least ten antibiotic agents to be used as a drug for treatment of said infection based upon a comparison of the results of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa and the functionality assays on the microbiota in the first and second reaction mixtures.

8. A method for determining the suitability of an agent to be used as ft an antibiotic, the method comprising:

a) preparing a first reaction mixture that comprises a first sample from a first subject who has a Clostridium difficile infection, wherein said first sample is in contact with an agent,

wherein said first sample is from the gut of the first subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the first subject,

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the first subject, and

wherein the volume of said first reaction mixture is at most 1 milliliter (mL);

b) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of one or more microbial taxa in said first reaction mixture, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from said first reaction mixture;

c) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa in said first reaction mixture;

d) performing a functionality assay on said first reaction mixture, wherein said functionality assay comprises a cell viability assay, a barrier function assay, or a cytokine assay;

e) preparing a second reaction mixture that comprises a second sample from a second subject who does not have said infection, wherein said second sample is in contact with said agent,

wherein said second sample is from the gut of the second subject and/or comprises fecal or cecal material from the second subject

wherein said sample comprises microbiota of the second subject, and

wherein the volume of said second reaction mixture is at most 1 milliliter (mL);

f) obtaining an enumeration of the abundance of one or more microbial taxa in said second reaction mixture, wherein said enumeration of the abundance comprises amplifying and sequencing DNA comprising the variable region of the 16S rRNA gene from said second reaction mixture;

g) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa in said second reaction mixture;

h) performing a functionality assay on said second reaction mixture, wherein said functionality assay comprises a cell viability assay, a barrier function assay, or a cytokine assay; and

i) making a decision regarding the suitability of said agent to be used as a therapeutic antibiotic drug for treatment of said infection based upon a comparison of the results of the enumeration of the abundance of said one or more microbial taxa and the functionality assays on the microbiota of the first and second subjects in the first and second reaction mixtures, respectively.

9. The method as in claim 5 , wherein said microbial taxa are operational taxonomic units (OTUs).

10. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said sample is processed into a slurry.

11. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said reaction mixture is incubated in an anaerobic atmosphere.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said functionality assay comprises contacting and incubating said first and second reaction mixtures with HT29, HT29 MTX, or CaCo2 cells, or mouse colon organotypic colon cells.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein said barrier function assay comprises incubating said first and second reaction mixtures with a labeled Dextran.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cytokine assay comprises detection of IL-8 production.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cell viability assay comprises incorporation and quantification of a fluorescently labeled compound.

16. The method of claim 8 , further comprising using said agent to treat said Clostridium difficile infection in said first subject and/or said additional subjects.

17. The method of claim 5 , further comprising, prior to step (d):

i) performing a functionality assay on said first and second reaction mixtures, wherein said functionality assay comprises a cell viability assay, a barrier function assay, or a cytokine assay; and

ii) determining the effects of the agent on the microbiota of the first subject, based on a comparison of the results of the functionality assays on the first and second reaction mixtures.

18. The method as in claim 1 , wherein said microbial taxa are operational taxonomic units (OTUs).

19. The method as in claim 6 , wherein said microbial taxa are operational taxonomic units (OTUs).

20. The method as in claim 7 , wherein said microbial taxa are operational taxonomic units (OTUs).

21. The method as in claim 8 , wherein said microbial taxa are operational taxonomic units (OTUs).