Systems and methods for panel design in flow cytometry

1. A method of designing a probe panel for differentiating populations of particles in a sample using a flow cytometer, the method comprising:

determining a distortion factor that quantifies spillover effect caused by emission of a first label, intended to be measured in a first channel, into a second channel;

determining a maximum expected signal of a first probe-label combination including the first label and a first probe, wherein the first probe binds to a first antigen associated with a population of particles of interest in the sample, and wherein the maximum expected signal is determined based on a brightness of the first label and a density of the first antigen on or inside the particles of interest in the sample;

calculating in a detection limit of a second antigen detected in the second channel, wherein calculating the detection limit comprises multiplying the distortion factor by the maximum expected signal of the first probe-label combination, and wherein the detection limit is a threshold of signal intensity dividing particles considered to be positive for the second antigen from particles considered to be negative for the second antigen;

selecting a probe-label combination to include in the probe panel based on the calculated detection limit; and

differentiating the populations of particles in the sample using the probe panel in the flow cytometer.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the distortion factor is an estimate of an increase in detection limit of the second antigen in the second channel as a function of an emission intensity of the first probe-label combination.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the increase in detection limit of the second antigen in the second channel is caused by an increase in a measurement error as a function of the emission intensity of the first probe-label combination.

4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the distortion factor is calculated using a crosstalk index.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the distortion factor is mathematically modified by a coefficient representing a coexpression pattern of the first and second antigens.

6. The method of claim 1 further comprising:

determining a distortion factor for each label in a first potential probe panel to calculate a total increase in detection limit in the second channel.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein selecting the probe-label combination is based on a comparison of the calculated total increase in detection limit with an expected minimum signal of a second probe-label combination, corresponding to the second antigen, in the second channel.

8. The method of claim 6 , further comprising calculating a total increase in detection limit for each probe in the first potential probe panel.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

calculating a total increase in detection limit for each probe in a second potential probe panel; and

selecting the probe panel based on a comparison of the calculated total increase in detection limit for each probe in the first potential probe panel with the calculated total increase in detection limit for each probe in the second potential probe panel.

10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

calculating a total increase in detection limit for each probe in a second potential probe panel; and

selecting the probe panel based on the calculated total increase in detection limit for a prioritized probe in the first potential probe panel and the second potential probe panel.

11. A method of designing a probe panel for differentiating populations of particles in a sample using a flow cytometer, the method comprising:

determining a distortion factor that quantifies spillover effect caused by emission of a first label, intended to be measured in a first channel, into a second channel;

determining a maximum expected signal of a first probe-label combination including the first label and a first probe, wherein the first probe binds to a first antigen associated with a population of particles of interest in the sample, and wherein the maximum expected signal is a function of a brightness of the first label and an expression pattern of the first antigen;

calculating a detection limit of a second antigen detected in the second channel, wherein calculating the detection limit comprises multiplying the distortion factor by the maximum expected signal of the first probe-label combination, and wherein the detection limit is a threshold of signal intensity dividing particles considered to be positive for the second antigen from particles considered to be negative for the second antigen;

selecting a probe-label combination to include in the probe panel based on the calculated detection limit; and

differentiating the populations of particles in the sample using the probe panel in the flow cytometer.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the expression pattern of the first antigen includes a mean density of the first antigen on or inside the particles of interest in the sample.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein the expression pattern of the first antigen includes a range of expression of the first antigen in the particles of interest in the sample.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the distortion factor is mathematically modified by a coefficient representing a coexpression pattern of the first and second antigens.

15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the coefficient is either one or zero.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coefficient is zero if the coexpression pattern of the first and second antigens is mutually exclusive.

17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the coefficient is zero if the first antigen is a descendent of the second antigen.

18. A method of designing a probe panel for differentiating populations of particles in a sample using a flow cytometer, the method comprising:

determining a distortion factor that quantifies spillover effect caused by emission of a first label, intended to be measured in a first channel, into a second channel;

determining a maximum expected signal of a first probe-label combination including the first label and a first probe, wherein the first probe binds to a first antigen associated with a population of particles of interest in the sample, and wherein the maximum expected signal is a function of the brightness of the first label and an expression pattern of the first antigen;

calculating a detection limit of a second antigen detected in the second channel using a second probe-label combination including a second label and a second probe corresponding to the second antigen, wherein calculating the detection limit comprises multiplying the distortion factor by the maximum expected signal of the first probe-label combination, and wherein the detection limit is represented as a slope of a graph of emission measured in the second channel as a function of emission measured in the first channel;

selecting a probe-label combination to include in the probe panel based on the calculated detection limit; and

differentiating the populations of particles in the sample using the probe panel in the flow cytometer.

19. The method of claim 18 , wherein calculating the detection limit is based on a linear superpositioning model of CV enlargements.

20. The method of claim 18 , wherein the distortion factor is a measure of CV enlargements caused by color compensation.