Reaction-based fluorescent probes for detecting zinc
Disclosed are compounds and methods useful in the detection of e.g., Zn 2+ , in vitro and in vivo. The compounds include amino acids and peptides functionalized with a moiety that binds, e.g., Zn 2+ . Importantly, the compounds do not exhibit substantial fluorescence in the absence of zinc.
1. A compound represented by Formula 1 or Formula 2 or Formula 3:
wherein, independently for each occurrence,
X 1 is —H, —F, or —Cl;
X 2 is —F, —Cl, —CO 2 R 1 , —C(O)-linker, -linker, —NR 1 -linker, or —S-linker, wherein the linker, when present, is a linker to a first amino acid or a lipophilic group;
R is alkyl or aryl;
R 1 is —H or alkyl;
q is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;
A is an alkylene group; and
V is a Lewis base.
2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein q is 0 or 1.
3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein A is substituted or unsubstituted methylene or substituted or unsubstituted ethylene.
4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein V is —N(R 3 ) 2 ; and R 3 is independently —H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkoxyalkyl, or alkylthioalkyl.
5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of
wherein, independently for each occurrence,
X 3 is —H, —F, —Cl, or —OR 1 ; and
R 2 is —H or phenyl.
6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein q is 1; and X 2 is —C(O)-linker.
7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is alkyl.
8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is
9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X 2 is —C(O)-linker, -linker, —NR 1 -linker, or —S-linker; the linker is a linker to a first amino acid; and the first amino acid is a natural α-amino acid or a non-natural α-amino acid.
10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X 2 is —C(O)-linker, -linker, —NR 1 -linker, or —S-linker; the linker is a linker to a first amino acid; and the first amino acid is D -arginine.
11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X 2 is —C(O)-linker, -linker, —NR 1 -linker, or —S-linker; and the linker is an amide bond, a disulfide bond, a thioether bond, a thiourea, or a triazole.
12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X 2 is —C(O)-linker, -linker, —NR 1 -linker, or —S-linker; and the linker is an amide bond.
13. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound is:
wherein Xaa is a natural amino acid or a non-natural amino acid.
14. The compound of claim 13 , wherein Xaa is arginine.
15. A method of quantifying an amount of a substance in a cell, comprising the steps of:
contacting the cell with a detectable amount of a compound of claim 1 ; and
detecting a signal, wherein the signal emitted by the compound in the presence of the substance is different than the signal emitted by the compound in the absence of the sub stance.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the method is a method of quantifying an amount of a substance in a specific locale of a cell, wherein the signal is detected from a specific locale of the cell.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the specific locale in the cell is an intracellular probe, an extracellular probe, a trans-Golgi network, a mitochondrion, or an endoplasmic reticulum.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein the substance is Zn 2+ .
19. A method of quantifying an amount or determining a location of a substance in a subject, comprising the steps of:
administering to the subject a detectable amount of a compound of claim 1 ; and
detecting a signal, wherein the signal emitted by the compound in the presence of the substance is different than the signal emitted by the compound in the absence of the substance.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the location of the substance is the synaptic cleft, the intracellular space of the hippocampus, in mossy fiber buttons of the hippocampus, the pancreas, the prostate, or the prostatic fluid.
21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the substance is Zn 2+ .
22. A compound selected from the group consisting of
wherein r is D -arginine; and F X is L -cyclohexylalanine.