Antimicrobial mixtures of an essential oil derived bactericide and an essential oil derived fungicide which extend the shelf-life of perishable agricultural commodities
The disclosure provides an antimicrobial mixture of at least two volatile compounds derived from essential oils, at least one of which is a bactericide selected from cinnamaldehyde, diacetyl, and acetic acid with another being a fungicide selected from allyl isothiocyanate, hexanal, thymol, and 2-nonane. The antimicrobial mixture inhibits both bacterial and fungal pathogens that negatively impact the shelf-life of perishable agricultural commodities, and at concentrations sufficiently low to avoid phytotoxic effects to agricultural commodities held in closed shipping and storage systems.
1. A system for prolonging the shelf life of perishable goods, comprising:
a hermetically sealed container having an interior compartment for storage of perishable goods,
a flow of gas minimized between the interior compartment and an environment outside of the container,
the hermetically sealed container containing a perishable good in its interior compartment, the hermetically sealed container further containing a single antimicrobial binary mixture of volatile compounds derived from essential oils that transition from liquid to vapor phase in its interior compartment,
the single antimicrobial binary mixture of volatile compounds reaching and sustaining a vapor phase concentration within the interior compartment for a period of time sufficient to kill and inhibit growth of both bacteria and fungi in the interior compartment, the single antimicrobial binary mixture of volatile compounds selected to achieve a lethality and an inhibition of at least one fungal species and at least one bacterial species, the single binary mixture selected from one of:
hexanal/cinnamaldehyde having vapor phase concentrations of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde;
hexanal/acetic acid having vapor phase concentrations of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid;
hexanal/diacetyl having vapor phase concentrations of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 1.0-22 ppm for diacetyl;
2-nonanone/cinnamaldehyde having vapor phase concentrations of 10-200 ppm for 2-nonanone and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde;
2-nonanone/acetic acid having vapor phase concentrations of 10-200 ppm for 2-nonanone and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid;
allyl isothiocyanate/acetic acid having vapor phase concentrations of 0.2-2.0 ppm for allyl isothiocyanate and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid;
allyl isothiocyanate/diacetyl having vapor phase concentrations of 0.2-2.0 ppm for allyl isothiocyanate and 1.0-22 ppm for diacetyl;
thymol/acetic acid having vapor phase concentrations of 3-30 ppm for thymol and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid; or
thymol/cinnamaldehyde having vapor phase concentrations of 3-30 ppm for thymol and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde;
wherein the perishable goods comprise fruits, vegetables, cut flowers, and combinations thereof.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one of the binary mixtures is selected according to the lethality and inhibition of one or more fungal species from the group consisting of Alternaria alternta, Penicilium olsonii, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium species, Rhizopus stolonifer or Geotrichum candidum.
3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the one of the binary mixtures according to the lethality and inhibition of one or more fungal species from the group consisting of Alternaria alternta, Penicilium olsonii, Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium species, Rhizopus stolonifer or Geotrichum candidum.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of hexanal/cinnamaldehyde having a vapor phase concentration of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of hexanal/acetic acid having a vapor phase concentration of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of hexanal/diacetyl having a vapor phase concentration of 2-25 ppm for hexanal and 1.0-22 ppm for diacetyl.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of 2-nonanone/cinnamaldehyde having a vapor phase concentration of 10-200 ppm for 2-nonanone and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde.
8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of 2-nonanone/acetic acid having a vapor phase concentration of 10-200 ppm for 2-nonanone and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid.
9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of allyl isothiocyanate/acetic acid having a vapor phase concentration of 0.2-2.0 ppm for allyli isothiocyanate and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid.
10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of allyl isothiocyanate/diacetyl having a vapor phase concentration of 0.2-2.0 ppm for allyl isothiocyanate and 1.0-22 ppm for diacetyl.
11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of thymol/acetic acid having a vapor phase concentration of 3-30 ppm for thymol and 2-36 ppm for acetic acid.
12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the binary mixture consists essentially of thymol/cinnamaldehyde having a vapor phase concentration of 3-30 ppm for thymol and 20-210 ppm for cinnamaldehyde.
13. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one of the binary mixtures is lethal to and inhibits growth of the at least one bacterial species consisting of E. coli 0157:Hl, 1, E. coli 0157:Hl, 2 , E. coli 0157:Hl, 3, L. monocytogenes, 1, L. monocytogenes, 2, L. monocytogenes, 3, Salmonella spp., 1 or Salmonella spp., 2.
14. The system of claim 2 , wherein a lethality index and an inhibition index caused by the binary mixture to the at least one fungal species is at least 3.77 log cfu/cm 2 for Alternaria alternta, at least 4.40 log cfu/cm 2 for Penicilium olsonii, at least 2.26 log cfu/cm 2 for Botrytis cinerea , at least 4.13 log cfu/cm 2 for Cladosporium species, at least 4.52 log cfu/cm 2 for Rhizopusstolonifer or at least 4.75 log cfu/cm 2 for Geotrichum candidum.
15. The system of claim 13 , wherein a lethality index caused by the binary mixture to the at least one bacterial species is at least 5.5 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157:H1, 1, at least 4.6 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157.H1, 2, at least 4.0 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157:Hl, 3, at least 2.4 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 1, at least 3.0 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 2, at least 2.8 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 3, at least 2.5 log cfu/cm 2 for Salmonella spp., 1 or at least 2.5 log cfu/cm 2 for Salmonella spp., 2.
16. The system of claim 13 , wherein a lethality index caused by the binary mixture to the at least one bacterial species is 5.8 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157:Hl, 1, at least 5.6 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157:Hl, 2, at least 5.7 log cfu/cm 2 for E. coli 0157:Hl, 3, at least 6.9 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 1, at least 5.8 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 2, at least 6.0 log cfu/cm 2 for L. monocytogenes, 3, at least 5.6 log cfu/cm 2 for Salmonella spp., 1 or at least 5.4 log cfu/cm 2 for Salmonella spp., 2.
17. The system of claim 15 , wherein the fresh produce is a tomato and the binary mixture is selected from the group consisting of allyl isothiocyanate/diacetyl and hexanal/diacetyl.