Selenium and other contaminants removal process
A system for reducing a level of metallic contaminants from an aqueous stream is described, including at least one of an aluminum oxide sorption media and an ion exchange media (media 1 ) and a functionalized activated alumina media (media 2 ), wherein the system is configured to: a. lower the pH of the metallic contaminant -contaminated aqueous stream to less than 6, b. contact the metallic contaminated aqueous stream with at least one of the aluminum oxide sorption media and the ion exchange media (media 1 ) c. contact the metallic contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the functionalized activated alumina media (media 2 ) wherein the contact with the at least one of the aluminum oxide sorption media and the ion exchange media and the functionalized activated alumina media forms a metallic contaminant-reduced aqueous solution; and d. discharge a metallic contaminant -depleted aqueous solution.
1. A method for reducing a level of selenium contaminants from an aqueous stream, comprising:
a. lowering the pH of a selenium contaminant- contaminated aqueous stream to a pH less than 6;
b. contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with a first media, said first media comprising an aluminum oxide sorption media; and
c. contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with a second media, said second media comprising a functionalized activated alumina media, wherein the functionalized activated alumina media comprises:
a support substrate of activated aluminum oxide promoted with at least one of iron and copper at a weight percent of at least 0.1%; and
sulfur-containing functional groups bound to the support substrate, wherein the first media does not have sulfur-containing functional groups bonded thereto.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the aluminum oxide sorption media is followed by said lowering the pH of a selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream to a pH of less than 6, and wherein said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the aluminum oxide sorption media and said lowering the pH of selenium contaminant contaminated aqueous stream precedes said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the functionalized activated alumina media.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said lowering the pH of selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream to pH less than 6 is followed by said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the aluminum oxide sorption media, and wherein said lowering the pH of selenium contaminant contaminated aqueous stream and said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the aluminum oxide sorption media precedes said contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with the functionalized activated alumina media.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pH is lowered to a range of 1.0 to 4.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lowering of pH of the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream is carried out by the addition of an acid.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the acid is one or more acids selected from the group consisting of a mineral acid, an organic acid and carbonic acid.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the acid is one or more acids selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and formic acid.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the pH is lowered by the addition of an acid to the aqueous stream to pH<5.5.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein contacting the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream with a functionalized activated alumina media forms a contaminant-reduced acidic aqueous solution, the method further comprising the steps of:
a. increasing the pH of the contaminant-reduced acidic aqueous solution; and
b. discharging the selenium contaminant-reduced aqueous solution.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aluminum oxide sorption media is porous activated alumina.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the activated alumina media further comprises at least one of iron, copper, and manganese.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized activated alumina media further include at least one of aluminum, ammonium, iron and copper compounds to act as active bonding sites.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selenium contaminant comprises a species of soluble selenium.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selenium contaminant comprises at least one of selenate, selenite and selenocyanate species.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the selenium contaminant-contaminated aqueous stream-to-media contact time is 1 minute to 24 hours.