Particle concentration system
Methods and systems are provided for concentrating particles (e.g., bacteria, viruses, cells, and nucleic acids) suspended in a liquid. Electric-field-induced forces urge the particles towards a first electrode immersed in the liquid. When the particles are in close proximity to (e.g., in contact with) the first electrode, the electrode is withdrawn from the liquid and capillary forces formed between the withdrawing electrode and the surface of the liquid immobilize the particles on the electrode. Upon withdrawal of the electrode from the liquid, the portion of the electrode previously immersed in the liquid has particles immobilized on its surface.
1. A particle concentrating system, comprising:
(a) a first electrode having a high aspect ratio, wherein the first electrode comprises a shaft having a shaft latitudinal dimension and a distal end having a distal latitudinal dimension, wherein the distal latitudinal dimension is from one nanometer to one millimeter;
(b) an actuator configured to immerse and withdraw the first electrode from the first liquid such that a capillary force formed between the withdrawing first electrode and the first liquid immobilizes the first particle on a surface of the first electrode; and
(c) an electric signal generator configured to generate an electrically induced force through the first electrode such that when the first electrode is immersed in a first liquid, a first particle in the first liquid is preferentially urged toward the first electrode.
2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising the first liquid comprising the first particle.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the shaft comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a metal, a doped semiconductor, and a conductive polymer.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the shaft comprises a material selected from the group consisting of carbide nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and combinations thereof.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the shaft latitudinal dimension of the first electrode is less than one millimeter.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the shaft has a diameter to length aspect ratio of 1:1 to 1:100.
7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the shaft is at least partially coated with a surface coating.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the surface coating is selected from the group consisting of a monolayer and a polymer layer.
9. The system of claim 7 , wherein the surface coating enhances the immobilization of the first particle on the first electrode.
10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the surface coating comprises a first binding partner and the particle comprises a second binding partner capable of binding to the first binding partner.
11. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first binding partner is a first nucleic acid and the second binding partner is a second nucleic acid.
12. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first binding partner is a nucleic acid and the second binding partner is a protein.
13. The system of claim 10 , wherein the first binding partner is configured to bind to a second binding partner that is a cell, a cell membrane, or an organelle.
14. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electric signal generator configured to generate an electrically induced force selected from the group consisting of electrophoresis, electroosmosis, dielectrophoresis, and combinations thereof.
15. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a second electrode configured to contact the first liquid.
16. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electric signal generator is configured to provide an alternating current.
17. The system of claim 1 , wherein the actuator is configured to withdraw the first electrode from the first solution at a rate of 1 μm/sec to 10 mm/sec.
18. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a third electrode having a high aspect ratio, wherein the third electrode comprises a shaft having a shaft latitudinal dimension and a distal end having a distal latitudinal dimension, wherein the distal latitudinal dimension is from one nanometer to one millimeter.
19. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a particle analysis component.
20. The system of claim 19 , wherein the particle analysis component is configured to perform a method selected from the group consisting of electrical, mechanical, optical, surface-imaging techniques, and combinations thereof.
21. The system of claim 19 , wherein the particle analysis component is a luminescence detection component.
22. The system of claim 21 , wherein the luminescence detection component is a fluorescence detection component.
23. The system of claim 19 , wherein the particle analysis component is an electrical detection component configured to measure a characteristic selected from the group consisting of capacitance, resistance, conductance, impedance, and combinations thereof.