Dosage Forms and Methods for Diagnosing Sympathetic Nervous System Dysfunction
Described are methods for detecting and/or diagnosing systemic sympathetic nervous system dysfunction or disease in a subject. One embodiment comprises using a topical apraclonidine eye drop to detect an ocular condition indicative of sympathetic dysfunction or disease in a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Embodiments can be used to detect and/or diagnose systemic sympathetic nervous system dysfunction or disease early, prior to development of substantial symptoms. Embodiments can also be used to unmask either bilateral ptosis or bilateral Horner's syndrome in GBS patients with the application of the drop to one eye. Also described are dosage forms suitable for use in the methods described herein. The dosage forms comprise an alpha receptor agonist with alpha-1 receptor activity. In one embodiment the dosage form comprises apraclonidine packaged as a single-use eye drop.
1 . A method for detecting and/or diagnosing dysautonomia through the ocular sympathetic nervous system of a subject, comprising:
obtaining one or more first measures of one or more features of the subject's eyes;
applying an agent to one of the subject's eyes, wherein the agent is an alpha receptor agonist with alpha-1 receptor activity;
obtaining one or more second measures of the one or more features of the subject's eyes; and
comparing first and second measures of at least one feature of the subject's eyes;
wherein a result of the comparing provides detection and/or diagnosis of the dysfunction in an ocular sympathetic nervous system of a subject.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein applying an agent comprises applying apraclonidine.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one feature of the subject's eyes comprises palpebral fissure height.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one feature of the subject's eyes comprises pupillary diameter.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the dysfunction in the ocular sympathetic nervous system of the subject comprises bilateral ptosis.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein:
the dysfunction in the ocular sympathetic nervous system of the subject comprises bilateral ptosis; and
the method includes diagnosing Guillain-Barré syndrome in the subject.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the comparing is indicative of dilation of a miotic pupil in a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the method includes detecting and/or diagnosing bilateral Horner's syndrome in a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome.
9 . A dosage form of an agent for detecting and/or diagnosing a dysfunction in an ocular sympathetic nervous system of a subject, comprising:
a dispenser that contains:
a vehicle; and
an alpha receptor agonist with alpha-1 receptor activity mixed with the vehicle;
wherein the dispenser dispenses only a selected amount of the agent.
10 . The dosage form of claim 9 , wherein the dosage form is adapted to dispense the agent to the eye of the subject.
11 . The dosage form of claim 9 , wherein the dosage form is a single-use dosage form.
12 . The dosage form of claim 9 , wherein the dispenser comprises an eye dropper.
13 . The dosage form of claim 9 , wherein the alpha receptor agonist with alpha-1 receptor activity comprises apraclonidine.
14 . The dosage form of claim 13 , wherein the apraclonidine is provided at a dosage rate of 0.05%.