Modified alginates for anti-fibrotic materials and applications
Covalently modified alginate polymers, possessing enhanced biocompatibility and tailored physiochemical properties, as well as methods of making and use thereof, are disclosed herein. The covalently modified alginates are useful as a matrix for coating of any material where reduced fibrosis is desired, such as encapsulated cells for transplantation and medical devices implanted or used in the body.
1. A multiply modified alginate polymer having a structure according to Formula III
wherein
X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 4 ;
R 1 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; wherein R 1 and R 6 are not hydrogen;
wherein
Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR 5 ) 2 ; or
Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown in Formula IV
wherein
R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; or
R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and
R 4 and R 5 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group.
2. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 1 , wherein R 1 is, independently,
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 30, z is an integer from 0 to 5, n is an integer from 1 to 12, m is an integer from 3 to 16, R a is independently selected from alkoxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group, and wherein R b is
wherein R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group.
3. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 1 , wherein
R 6 is —CH 2 -aryl- or —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —;
R 7 is hydrogen;
R 8 is hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —OH; and
R 9 is methyl, —COCH 3 , —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 ,
4. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 3 , wherein R 8 is hydrogen; and
R 9 is
5. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 3 , wherein
R 8 is hydrogen; and
R 9 is
6. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 3 , wherein
R 9 is methyl, —COCH 3 , or —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 .
7. The multiply modified alginate polymer of claim 1 , wherein
X is oxygen or NR 4 , wherein R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —CH 3 ; and
R 1 is —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) m —O—CH 3 , where m is an integer from 3 to 16, —CH 2 —CH 2 —O—CH 2 —CH 2 —OH, —(CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —NH—CH 3 ,
8. A modified alginate polymer comprising one or more covalently modified monomers as defined by Formula I
wherein,
X is oxygen, sulfur, or NR 4 ;
R 1 is, independently in the one or more modified monomers,
wherein a is an integer from 1 to 30, z is an integer from 0 to 5, n is an integer from 1 to 12, m is an integer from 3 to 16, R a is independently selected from alkoxy, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino, hydroxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group, and wherein R b is
wherein for the moiety
at least one R a is defined by Formula XIII
wherein
Y 1 and Y 2 independently are hydrogen or —PO(OR 5 ) 2 ; or
Y 2 is absent, and Y 1 , together with the two oxygen atoms to which Y 1 and Y 2 are attached form a cyclic structure as shown in Formula II
wherein
R 2 and R 3 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; or
R 2 and R 3 , together with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form a 3- to 8-membered unsubstituted or substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; and
R 4 and R 5 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; and
wherein R 6 , R 8 , and R 9 are, independently, hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, substituted alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted alkynyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, alkoxy, substituted alkoxy, aroxy, substituted aroxy, alkylthio, substituted alkylthio, arylthio, substituted arylthio, carbonyl, substituted carbonyl, carboxyl, substituted carboxyl, amino, substituted amino, amido, substituted amido, sulfonyl, substituted sulfonyl, sulfonic acid, phosphoryl, substituted phosphoryl, phosphonyl, substituted phosphonyl, polyaryl, substituted polyaryl, C 3 -C 20 cyclic, substituted C 3 -C 20 cyclic, heterocyclic, substituted heterocyclic, amino acid, poly(ethylene glycol), peptide, or polypeptide group; wherein R 6 is not hydrogen.
9. The modified alginate polymer of claim 8 , wherein
R 6 is —CH 2 -aryl- or —CH 2 —CH 2 —(O—CH 2 —CH 2 ) 3 —;
R 4 is hydrogen;
R 8 is hydrogen, methyl, or —CH 2 —OH; and
R 9 is methyl, —COCH 3 , —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 ,
10. The modified alginate polymer of claim 9 , wherein
R 8 is hydrogen; and
R 9 is
11. The modified alginate polymer of claim 9 , wherein
R 8 is hydrogen; and
R 9 is
12. The modified alginate polymer of claim 9 , wherein
R 9 is methyl, —COCH 3 , or —CH 2 —N(CH 2 —CH 3 ) 2 .
13. The modified alginate polymer of claim 8 , wherein one or more modified monomers is
14. The modified alginate polymer of claim 1 , wherein Y 1 and Y 2 are hydrogen.