High performance membranes for water reclamation using polymeric and nanomaterials
A water permeable membrane for water purifications applications including filtration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis is provided. The water permeable membrane includes a porous support and a composite layer disposed over the porous support. Characteristically, the composite layer includes graphene oxide dispersed within a polymer matrix.
1. A water permeable membrane comprising:
a porous support; and
a composite layer disposed over the porous support, the composite layer including graphene oxide dispersed within a polymer matrix, wherein the polymer matrix is a cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid-(PSSA)-co styrene-co-methyl styrene) copolymer-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend.
2. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide has a dimension of from 10 nm to about 500 nm.
3. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide is present in an amount from about 0.05 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the total combined weight of the graphene oxide and polymer matrix.
4. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the composite layer has a thickness greater than about 10 nm.
5. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the porous support includes a porous polymer.
6. The water permeable membrane of claim 5 wherein the porous polymer includes polysulfone.
7. The water permeable membrane of claim 5 wherein the porous support includes a fabric layer, the porous polymer being disposed over the fabric layer.
8. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide increases the hydrophilic nature of the water permeable membrane, increases aqueous transport and permeate fluxes, reduces fouling potential of the water permeable membrane during operation, and promotes free radical reactions aiding destruction of trace organic and inorganic contaminants.
9. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 applied in water reclamation, wastewater treatment, and water purification.
10. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 formed by a method in which polymer film properties are adjusted by controlling polymerization reaction conditions, polymerization reaction conditions including monomers and solvents proportions, reaction time, reaction temperature, and annealing temperature.
11. The water permeable membrane of claim 10 wherein polymer film properties include film thickness and pore-size.
12. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide is mixed and dispersed by ultrasonication.
13. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 further comprising a cleaned surface formed by cleaning the water permeable membrane by a surfactant or an enzyme cleaning agent.
14. The water permeable membrane of claim 13 wherein the water permeable membrane exhibits chemical stability and material durability during cleaning operations and wherein flux recoveries are realized after these cleaning operations with no graphene oxide particles leaching out of the water permeable membrane.
15. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 further comprising a coating of powder activated carbon.
16. The water permeable membrane of claim 15 wherein the powder activated carbon minimize membrane fouling by forming the coating on a water permeable membrane surface and effecting a cleansing action by adsorption of foulants including natural organic matter and biological organic matter, powder activated carbon reducing fouling, enhancing permeate flux, and reducing frequency of backwashing and chemical cleaning thereby enhancing membrane durability and longevity.
17. The water permeable membrane of claim 15 wherein the powder activated carbon removes organic contaminants in water reclamation, wastewater treatment, and water purification, the organic contaminants including solvents, pesticides, pharmaceutical and personal care products (PCPPs) and other endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs).
18. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide at a membrane surface includes functionalized carboxylic acid groups.
19. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein a membrane surface is functionalized with carbodiimide.
20. The water permeable membrane of claim 1 wherein the graphene oxide at a membrane surface includes carboxylic acid groups functionalized into amides having a tertiary amine.
21. A water purification system comprising:
a chamber having a first water holding section for holding impure water and a second water holding section for holding purified water;
a water permeable membrane interposed between the first water holding section and the second water holding section, the water permeable membrane including a porous support and a composite layer disposed over the porous support, the composite layer including graphene oxide dispersed within a polymer matrix wherein the polymer matrix is a cross-linked poly(styrene sulfonic acid-(PSSA)-co styrene-co-methyl styrene) copolymer-polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blend; and
a pressure applicator that applies pressure to impure water in the first water holding section such that water permeates through the water permeable membrane into the second water holding section.
22. The water purification system of claim 21 wherein the pressure applicator maintains water in the first water holding section at a pressure from 20 to 1500 psi.
23. The water purification system of claim 21 wherein the graphene oxide has a dimension of from 10 nn to about 500 nm.
24. The water purification system of claim 21 wherein the graphene oxide is present in an amount from about 0.05 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the total combined weight of the graphene oxide and polymer matrix.
25. The water purification system of claim 21 wherein the composite layer has a thickness greater than about 10 nm.
26. The water purification system of claim 21 wherein the porous support includes a porous polymer.
27. The water permeable membrane of claim 26 wherein the porous polymer includes polysulfone.
28. The water permeable membrane of claim 26 wherein the porous support includes a fabric layer, the porous polymer being disposed over the fabric layer.
29. An ultrafiltration process applying the water permeable membrane of claim 1 for pretreatment of wastewaters prior to nanofiltration and reverse osmosis to protect the nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes from different types of foulants including particulate, organic, inorganic and biological matter.
30. The ultrafiltration process of claim 29 applied to wastewater treatment and water reclamation and reuse.