Nanoparticle coating of surfaces

1. A method of electrospraying nanoparticles on to a surface, the method comprising:

providing a first liquid diluent to a first outer opening of a first spray head and a first liquid spray composition to a first inner opening of the first spray head, the first inner opening concentric with the first outer opening, wherein the first liquid spray composition includes a first active ingredient and a first polymer, and wherein the first liquid diluent includes a first solvent to at least partially dissolve the first polymer;

applying a first potential difference of a first polarity between the surface and the first spray head; and

forming a first closed matrix coating on the surface including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition simultaneously from the first spray head onto the surface to provide first charged particles on the surface, wherein a flow rate of the first liquid diluent is greater than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition and wherein the first closed matrix coating includes greater than two-thirds of particles of the first liquid spray composition bonded together so that the greater than two-thirds of particles are indistinguishable under microscopy.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

applying a second potential difference of a second polarity between (a) the surface and the first closed matrix coating and (b) the first spray head, the second polarity opposite the first polarity; and

forming a second closed matrix coating on and bonded to the first closed matrix coating including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition from the first spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide second charged particles with opposite polarity of the first charged particles.

3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

providing a second liquid diluent to a second outer opening of a second spray head and a second liquid spray composition to a second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening, wherein the second liquid spray composition includes a second active ingredient and a second polymer, and wherein the second liquid diluent includes a second solvent to at least partially dissolve the second polymer;

applying another potential difference between the surface and the second spray head; and

forming a first open or intermediate film coating on and bonded to the first closed matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition simultaneously from the second spray head onto the surface to provide second charged particles on the first charged particles, wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is less than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition.

4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

providing a second liquid diluent to a second outer opening of a second spray head and a second liquid spray composition to a second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening;

applying a second potential difference of a second polarity between the surface and the second spray head, the second polarity opposite the first polarity; and

forming an intermediate matrix coating on and bonded to the first closed matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition from the second spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide second charged particles with opposite polarity of the first charged particles, wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is controlled such that the second charged particles form the intermediate matrix coating.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first particles are further bonded to the surface.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein a dielectric constant of the solvent is in a range of between about 0 and 80.

7. The method of claim 3 , further comprising promoting formation of the open film coating including providing a gas spray alongside the first spray head to help in evaporating the solvent after the solvent has left the first spray head.

8. A method of electrospraying nanoparticles on to a surface, the method comprising:

providing a first liquid diluent to a first outer opening of a first spray head and a first liquid spray composition to a first inner opening of the first spray head, the first inner opening concentric with the first outer opening, wherein the first liquid spray composition includes a first active ingredient and a first polymer, and wherein the first liquid diluent includes a first solvent to at least partially dissolve the first polymer;

applying a first potential difference of a first polarity between the surface and the first spray head;

forming a first open matrix coating on the surface including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition simultaneously from the first spray head onto the surface to provide first charged particles on the surface, wherein a flow rate of the first liquid diluent is less than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition and wherein the first open matrix coating includes particles of the first liquid spray composition bonded and includes openings therein that extend at least one nominal diameter of the particles;

providing a second liquid diluent to a second outer opening of a second spray head and a second liquid spray composition to a second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening, wherein the second liquid spray composition includes a second active ingredient and a second polymer, and wherein the second liquid diluent includes a second solvent to at least partially dissolve the polymer;

applying a second potential difference between the surface and the second spray head; and

forming a closed matrix coating bonded to and on the first open matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition simultaneously from the second spray head onto the surface to provide second charged particles on the first charged particles wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is greater than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition wherein the closed matrix coating includes greater than two-thirds of particles of the second liquid spray composition bonded together so that the greater than two-thirds of particles are indistinguishable under microscopy.

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

applying the first potential difference of the first polarity between (a) the surface and the closed matrix coating and (b) the first spray head; and

forming a second open matrix coating on and bonded to the first closed matrix coating including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition from the first spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide third charged particles with opposite polarity of the second charged particles.

10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

providing the second liquid diluent to the second outer opening of the second spray head and the second liquid spray composition to the second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening;

applying the second potential difference of a second polarity between the surface and the second spray head, the second polarity opposite the first polarity; and

forming an intermediate matrix coating on the closed matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition from the second spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide third charged particles with opposite polarity of the second charged particles, wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is controlled such that the third charged particles form the intermediate matrix coating.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the first open matrix coating is bonded to the surface.

12. The method of claim 8 , further comprising promoting formation of the first open matrix coating including providing a gas spray alongside the first spray head to help in evaporating the first solvent after the first solvent has left the first spray head.

13. A method of electrospraying nanoparticles on to a surface, the method comprising:

providing a first liquid diluent to a first outer opening of a first spray head and a first liquid spray composition to a first inner opening of the first spray head, the first inner opening concentric with the first outer opening, wherein the first liquid spray composition includes a first active ingredient and a first polymer, and wherein the first liquid diluent includes a first solvent to at least partially dissolve the first polymer;

applying a first potential difference of a first polarity between the surface and the first spray head; and

forming a first intermediate matrix coating including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition simultaneously from the first spray head onto the surface to provide first charged particles on the surface, wherein a flow rate of the first liquid diluent is less than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition and wherein the first intermediate matrix coating includes less than two-thirds of particles and greater than a third of the particles of the first liquid spray composition bonded together so that less than two-thirds but greater than one-third of the particles are indistinguishable under microscopy.

14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

applying a second potential difference of a second polarity between (a) the rface and the first intermediate matrix coating and (b) the first spray head, the second polarity opposite the first polarity; and

forming a second intermediate matrix coating on and bonded to the first intermediate matrix coating including spraying the first liquid diluent and the first liquid spray composition from the first spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide second charged particles with opposite polarity of the first charged particles.

15. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

providing a second liquid diluent to a second outer opening of a second spray head and a second liquid spray composition to a second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening, wherein the second liquid spray composition includes a second active ingredient and a second polymer, and wherein the second liquid diluent includes a second solvent to at least partially dissolve the second polymer;

applying another potential difference between the surface and the second spray head; and

forming an open matrix coating on and bonded to the first intermediate matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition simultaneously from the second spray head onto the surface to provide second charged particles on the first charged particles, wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is less than eight times the flow rate of the first liquid spray composition and wherein the open matrix coating includes particles of the second liquid spray composition bonded to each other and includes openings therein that extend at least one nominal diameter of the second charged particles.

16. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:

providing a second liquid diluent to a second outer opening of a second spray head and a second liquid spray composition to second inner opening of the second spray head, the second inner opening concentric with the second outer opening;

applying a second potential difference of a second polarity between the surface and the second spray head; the second polarity opposite the first polarity; and

forming a second intermediate matrix coating on and bonded to the first intermediate matrix coating including spraying the second liquid diluent and the second liquid spray composition from the second spray head onto the surface to increase a depth of bound coating and provide second charged particles with opposite polarity of the first charged particles, wherein a flow rate of the second liquid diluent is controlled such that the second charged particles form the second intermediate matrix coating.

17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the first intermediate matrix coating is bonded to the surface.

18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising promoting formation of the open matrix coating including providing a gas spray alongside the first spray head to help in evaporating the solvent after the solvent has left the first spray head.

19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the active ingredient is a biologically active ingredient.