Particle functionalization
Particle functionalization systems including one or more of: a target of a material; an energetic ion and/or electron source providing accelerated ions and electrons to the target; a potential that is applied to at least the target and that causes ions and/or electrons from the ionized gas to impact a surface of the target and release atoms of the material; at least one magnet providing a magnetic field that controls movement of the ions and electrons and nucleation, formation and growth of particles from the released atoms; and a particle collection device that collects particles, the collection device comprising a substrate and a polymeric functionalization coating disposed on the substrate, wherein particles impinge upon and form bonds with molecules of the functionalization coating. Methods of preparing functionalized particles, functionalized particle compositions, and kits including functionalized particles are also described.
1. A method of preparing polymer-functionalized particles, the method comprising:
(a) introducing a sputtering gas into a particle source under ultra-high vacuum conditions;
(b) ionizing the gas;
(c) passing the ionized gas through a plasma region in the opening(s) between targets or through the targets to liberate atoms from the target, thereby yielding a gas comprising the liberated atoms;
(d) condensing the gas comprising the liberated atoms to yield particles;
(e) collecting the particles on a collection device that comprises a substrate and a polymeric functionalization coating disposed on the substrate, wherein the particles impinge upon, and form bonds with molecules of the functionalization coating; and
(f) washing collected polymer-functionalized particles obtained in step (e), thereby removing the functionalized particles coated with polymer molecules of the polymeric functionalization coating from the substrate.
2. The method according to claim 1 further comprising drying the collected polymer-functionalized particles of step (e).
3. The method according to claim 1 further comprising heating the collection device during or immediately after step (e).
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise FeCo, FeCo—FeCoO, FeCo—MgO, Fe—MgO, FeCo—ZnO, Fe—ZnO, FeZn, FeCo—Au, FeCo—Ag, FeCo—SiO 2 , FeCo—TiO 2 , Fe—Ag, Co—Au, C, Fe—Au, Fe—TiO 2 , Fe 5 Si 3 , Fe 3 Si, Fe 16 N 2 , FeN, FeSi 3 —Au, Fe 5 Si 3 —SiO 2 , Fe 5 Si 3 —Au, Fe 16 N 2 —Fe(N), Fe 16 C 2 , Fe 16 C 2 —Au, Fe 16 N 2 —Au, Fe 16 N 2 —Ag, Fe 16 N 2 —Al 2 O 3 , Fe 16 N 2 —TiO 2 , or Fe 16 N 2 —SiO 2 .
5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric functionalization coating is selected from the group consisting of vinyl polymers, fatty acids, polyethers, polyesters, acrylic polymers, and aromatic polymers.
6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric functionalization coating comprises a first functional group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, thiol, phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, and aldehyde.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the polymeric functionalization coating further comprises a second functional group.
8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the second functional group is different from the first functional group.
9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the second functional group is independently selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, thiol, phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, and aldehyde.
10. The method according to claim 7 , further comprising a compound bound to the second functional group.
11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids, targeting ligands, peptides, antibodies, antibody fragments, detectable moieties, bioactive agents, and imaging agents.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise nanoparticles.
13. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles comprise magnetic particles.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate is flexible.
15. The method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is rigid.
16. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles each have a metal core and the polymer-functionalized coating comprises at least one polymer, wherein the polymer is bound directly to the surface of the metal core.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the particles comprise magnetic particles.