Doped conversion materials for secondary battery cathodes
Battery systems using doped conversion materials as the active material in battery cathodes are provided herein. Doped conversion material may include a defect-rich structure or an amorphous or glassy structure, including at least one or more of a metal material, one or more oxidizing species, a reducing cation species, and a dopant. Methods for fabricating batteries and battery systems with doped conversion material are also provided herein.
1. A cathode for an energy storage device, the cathode comprising:
a conversion chemistry material comprising a dopant,
wherein the conversion chemistry material is selected from the group consisting of FeF 2 , FeF 3 , and FeO d F 3-2d wherein 0≤d≤½;
wherein the dopant is present in the conversion chemistry material in an amount from about 0.01% to 25% (atomic %);
wherein the dopant is a member or a combination thereof selected from the group consisting of Li 2 O, CuF 2 , and MoO x , wherein x is 2 or 3; and
wherein the conversion chemistry material comprising the dopant has at least one of a Li-ion conductivity greater than 1*10 −7 S/cm or an electronic conductivity greater than 10 −8 S/cm.
2. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises Li 2 O and is present in the conversion chemistry material in an amount from about 0.01% to 10% (atomic %).
3. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises molybdenum oxide and is present in the conversion chemistry material in an amount from about 0.01% to 10% (atomic %).
4. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the dopant comprises CuF 2 and is present in the conversion chemistry material in an amount from about 0.01% to 10% (atomic %).
5. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the conversion chemistry material is FeF 3 , and wherein the dopant is CuF 2 and molybdenum oxide.
6. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the conversion chemistry material is FeF 3 , and wherein the dopant is CuF 2 and MoO 3 .
7. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the cathode further comprises an intercalation chemistry material selected from the group consisting of LiMPO 4 , Li x Ti y O 2 , LiMn y O 4 , LiMn y .Ni z O 4 , LiCoO 2 , Li(NiCoMn)O 2 , Li(NiCoAl)O 2 , NMC and NCA;
wherein M is Fe, Ni, Co, or Mn;
wherein 0<x<5;
wherein 0.1<y<7; and
wherein 0<z<1.
8. The cathode of claim 1 , further comprising a solid state catholyte.
9. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the conversion chemistry material comprising the dopant has a d 50 particle size of 1 nm to 5 μm.
10. The cathode of claim 1 , wherein the conversion chemistry material comprising the dopant is glassy or amorphous.