Carbon-metal oxide composite materials and their use in anodes of lithium and sodium ion batteries
A carbon-metal oxide composite material comprising: (i) carbon-carbon composite particles in which an amorphous carbon black core is bonded to crystalline graphitic carbon shells; and (ii) a metal oxide material bonded with said carbon-carbon composite particles, wherein said metal oxide material is included in an amount of at least about 10 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material. Alkali-ion batteries containing the above-described composite as anode are also described. Methods for producing the above-described composite are also described. The method can include, for example, subjecting pulverized rubber tire waste to a sulfonation process and pyrolyzing the sulfonated rubber to produce the carbon-carbon composite particles, as described above, followed by admixing and compounding a metal oxide material with the carbon-carbon composite particles. The method may alternatively employ a metal oxide precursor, which can be admixed with the sulfonated rubber and converted to metal oxide during pyrolysis.
1. A carbon-metal oxide composite material comprising:
(i) carbon-carbon composite particles in which an amorphous carbon black core is bonded to crystalline graphitic carbon shells; and
(ii) a metal oxide material bonded with said carbon-carbon composite particles,
wherein said metal oxide material is included in an amount of at least about 10 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
2. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from main group and transition metal oxides.
3. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from oxides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, niobium, tungsten, gallium, indium, and tin.
4. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said metal oxide comprises a tin oxide.
5. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said metal oxide is included in an amount of at least 15 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
6. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles possess micropores having a size of less than 2 nm.
7. The carbon-metal oxide composite of claim 1 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles have a total pore volume of up to about 0.1 cm 3 /g.
8. An alkali-ion battery comprising:
(a) an anode comprising a carbon-metal oxide composite material comprising:
(i) carbon-carbon composite particles in which an amorphous carbon black core is bonded to crystalline graphitic carbon shells; and
(ii) a metal oxide material bonded with said carbon-carbon composite particles;
wherein said metal oxide material is included in an amount of at least about 10 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material;
(b) a cathode; and
(c) a lithium-containing or sodium-containing electrolyte in contact with said anode and cathode.
9. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from main group and transition metal oxides.
10. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from oxides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, niobium, tungsten, gallium, indium, and tin.
11. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said metal oxide comprises a tin oxide.
12. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said metal oxide is included in an amount of at least 15 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
13. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles possess micropores having a size of less than 2 nm.
14. The alkali-ion battery of claim 8 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles have a total pore volume of up to about 0.1 cm 3 /g.
15. A method for producing a carbon-metal oxide composite material, the method comprising:
(i) subjecting pulverized rubber tire waste material to a sulfonation process to produce sulfonated rubber tire waste;
(ii) pyrolyzing the sulfonated rubber tire waste in an inert atmosphere to produce carbon-carbon composite particles in which an amorphous carbon black core is bonded to crystalline graphitic carbon shells; and
(iii) admixing and compounding a metal oxide material with said carbon-carbon composite particles to produce said carbon-metal oxide composite material in which said metal oxide material is bonded with said carbon-carbon composite particles,
wherein said metal oxide material is included in an amount of at least about 10 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said sulfonation process comprises contacting said pulverized rubber tire waste material with a sulfonating agent at a temperature of at least 30° C. and up to 180° C.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said sulfonating agent is oleum-containing sulfuric acid.
18. The method of claim 15 , wherein, after said step (i) and before said step (ii), said sulfonated rubber tire waste is washed.
19. The method of claim 15 , wherein said pyrolyzing step (ii) is conducted at a temperature of at least 500° C.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein said pyrolyzing step (ii) is conducted at a temperature of at least 800° C.
21. The method of claim 15 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from main group and transition metal oxides.
22. The method of claim 15 , wherein said metal oxide is selected from oxides of titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, niobium, tungsten, gallium, indium, and tin.
23. The method of claim 15 , wherein said metal oxide comprises a tin oxide.
24. The method of claim 15 , wherein said metal oxide is included in an amount of at least 15 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
25. The method of claim 15 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles possess micropores having a size of less than 2 nm.
26. The method of claim 15 , wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles have a total pore volume of up to about 0.1 cm 3 /g.
27. The method of claim 15 , further comprising depositing said carbon-metal oxide composite material on a conductive substrate suitable for an anode of a lithium-ion battery.
28. A method for producing a carbon-metal oxide composite material, the method comprising:
(i) subjecting pulverized rubber tire waste material to a sulfonation process to produce sulfonated rubber tire waste;
(ii) admixing and compounding a metal oxide precursor material with said sulfonated rubber tire waste; and
(iii) pyrolyzing the admixture of sulfonated rubber tire waste and metal oxide precursor in an inert atmosphere to produce carbon-carbon composite particles bonded with a metal oxide material derived from said metal oxide precursor material, wherein said carbon-carbon composite particles are constructed of an amorphous carbon black core bonded to crystalline graphitic carbon shells;
wherein said metal oxide material is in an amount of at least about 10 wt. % by weight of said carbon-carbon composite particles and metal oxide material.
29. The method of claim 28 , wherein said metal oxide precursor is a metal halide.