Rectenna that converts infrared radiation to electrical energy
Technologies pertaining to converting infrared (IR) radiation to DC energy are described herein. In a general embodiment, a rectenna comprises a conductive layer. A thin insulator layer is formed on the conductive layer, and a nanoantenna is formed on the thin insulator layer. The thin insulator layer acts as a tunnel junction of a tunnel diode.
1. A rectenna comprising:
a nanoantenna that is integrated with a tunnel diode, wherein the rectenna converts infrared (IR) radiation incident upon the rectenna to direct current (DC) energy;
a conductive layer, wherein the conductive layer comprises a plurality of ridges; and
an insulator layer positioned between the nanoantenna and the conductive layer.
2. The rectenna of claim 1 , the nanoantenna comprising aluminum.
3. The rectenna of claim 2 , the patterned shape being one of a grating, a frequency selective surface, or a spiral.
4. The rectenna of claim 3 , the patterned shape being aperiodic.
5. The rectenna of claim 1 , the conductive layer being one of an n-type substrate, a p-type substrate, or a metal.
6. The rectenna of claim 1 , the insulator layer being silicon dioxide.
7. The rectenna of claim 1 , the insulator layer having a thickness of between 2 nanometers and 5.5 nanometers.
8. The rectenna of claim 1 , the rectenna further comprises a supporting substrate, the conductive layer positioned adjacent the supporting substrate, such that the conductive layer is between the insulator layer and the supporting substrate.
9. The rectenna of claim 1 , further comprising a silicon oxide casing that encases the nanoantenna, the conductive layer, and the insulator layer.
10. The rectenna of claim 1 , further comprising a layer of oxide formed over the nanoantenna, wherein the nanoantenna is between the layer of oxide and the insulator layer.
11. The rectenna of claim 1 , the nanoantenna comprising a frequency selective surface.
12. A method for forming a rectenna, the method comprising:
forming a conductive layer, wherein the conductive layer comprises a plurality of ridges;
forming an insulator layer on the conductive layer;
forming a nanoantenna on the insulator layer, the tunnel diode formed based upon the insulator layer being positioned between the conductive layer and the nanoantenna; and
integrating the nanoantenna with a tunnel diode, the rectenna configured to convert infrared (IR) radiation into direct current (DC) energy.
13. The method of claim 12 , the nanoantenna comprising aluminum.
14. The method of claim 12 , the nanoantenna comprising a frequency selective surface.
15. The method of claim 12 , the conductive layer being one of an n-type substrate layer, a p-type substrate layer, or a metal layer.
16. The method of claim 12 , the insulator layer being a layer of silicon dioxide having a thickness of between 2 nanometers and 5.5 nanometers.
17. The method of claim 12 , further comprising encasing the conductive layer, insulator layer, and the nanoantenna with silicon oxide.
18. A rectenna comprising:
a nanoantenna, wherein the nanoantenna comprises a plurality of spaced-apart bars;
a conductive layer; and
an insulator layer positioned between the nanoantenna and the conductive layer, the nanoantenna, the conductive layer, and the insulator layer collectively forming at least one tunnel junction in the rectenna, the rectenna configured to convert infrared (IR) radiation into direct current (DC) energy;
a silicon oxide layer between each spaced-apart bar of the plurality of spaced apart bars.
19. The rectenna of claim 18 , wherein a width of each spaced-apart bar of the plurality of spaced-apart bars is approximately 1.8 μm.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein a period of a grating formed by the plurality of spaced-apart bars ranges between 1 μm and 10 μm.